一时兴起，没想到这次竟然很耐心地刷完了。

参考如何给开源项目贡献代码 ，自己倒腾的时候，简化了下。

记录下jmp, jcxz, loop, ret, retf, call等转移指令的概念和使用。

花了大半天的时间，终于把这个作业给做了。

大概需要2分钟吧……

Google到了相似的问题解决方法，但是尝试后，依然无效，这里记录下自己找到的解决方法。

按照课程大纲的顺序记录下。

• Introduction to Listening to music

  Are you getting the most out of your listening experience?

• Why listen to classical music?

  National Public Radio 针对该问题的调查结果：

  Why would we want to listen to classical music?

  • It helps us relax and relieve stress
  • It helps us center the mind, allowing the listener to concentrate
  • classical music provides a vision of a better world

  对于 Professor Wright 本人来说：

  It suggests that there might be something out there. God or whatever , bigger than ourselves.

  and it asks us to think sometimes, think about things. That’s what I think these great fine arts do, great literature, poetry, painting, music. **They show what human beings can be, the capacity of the human spirit. They suggest to us as indicated maybe there is something, a larger spirit out there than ourselves, and they get us to think. They get me to think frequently about what I’m doing on this earth. **

  So, what is professor trying to accomplish in here? : P

  Two things.

  • change your personality
  • impart to you a love of classical music

  Pop music VS classical music

  • pop music: reputation, rhythm and beat, strong pulsation, while classical music has melody
  • their instruments are different

• Course Requirements and Pedagogy

  介绍了下教授自己的那本书，第五版的《listening to music》，提到了一句：….about to come out in a Chinese edition for heaven’s sakes。笑喷。顺手查了下，这本书在amzon上的最新版本是第七版，已有中文版。

  后面介绍了下 six-CD set.【want it……】

  这里觉得重要的点：

  • Music is an aurally perceived phenomenon.most of the music and language processing happens in these left and right auditory cortex【音乐是一种听觉现象，大脑中处理语言和音乐的部分都在听觉皮层，懵逼ing……】
  • Daily participation in language labs required. So daily is the key thing here. You’ve got to do this gradual assimilation. So learning to listen to music is just like listening to language. We’ve got to do a little bit every day.

• Diagnositc Quiz

  一个quiz，播放两首piece:

  Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony「贝多芬的第五交响曲」「L group / Minor chords / disjunct music」

  Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony「贝多芬的第九交响曲」 「R group / Major chords / conjunct music」

  Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony was the setting of a poem by Friedrich Schiller called Ode to Joy.

  【我暂时还不能从这不安的曲子中听出Joy的味道……】

  R group: positive, happy, secure.

  L group: negative, anxious, unsettled.

  为什么可以区分出一个曲子是R group 还是 L group？

  它们有如下的不同：

  • Major chords versus Minor chords: 大调 和 小调

    Major: bright

    Minor: dark

  • conjunct music versus disjunct music: 级进音乐 VS 跳进音乐

  • home pitch / tonic pitch: strongly felt tonal「音调」 key

    Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony 没有 home pitch,「 听教授的那句：bang!!! 感受下」

    May be that’s why it sounds so disjunct and so unsettled.

    而Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony 则 有home pitch, feel sort of secure in that home pitch.

  • direction

    Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony 的方向是 down

    Debussy 的 moonlight Clair de Lune 就是很典型的down.

• pitch

  音乐的两个维度：pitch, time/duration

  这里举 Richard Strauss’s Also Sarach Zarathustra:

  一个qiuz， what is the keyboard instrument is playing in it?

  the brass instrument is a trumpet 「铜管乐器部分是一个小号」

  the percussion instrument is timpani 「打击乐器部分是定音鼓」

  【注意Richard Strauss’s Also Sarach Zarathustra的最后，可以听出有管风琴organ！还挺明显的】

  「乐理这块完全听不懂，懵逼ing…….」

  octave: 八度音阶

• rhythm

  duple meter:双拍子，one two, one two…. one strong beat, one weak beat, strong weak, strong weak ….

  triple meter: 三拍子, strong weak, weak, strong weak, weak, strong weak, weak ….

Lecture 02 Introduction to Instruments and Musical Genres

Lecture1的练习作业：

Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony in C minor Op.67

Tchaikovsky’s Piano Concerto Number One in B flat minor Op.23

Richard Strauss‘s Also Sprach Zarathustra

• distinguishing songs from pieces

  song with lyrics. eighty percent of classical music is purely instrumental music.

  symphony【交响乐定义】

  Symphonies generally have four movements. 【四个乐章】

  What’s a movement? Well, a movement is simply an independent piece that works oftentimes. They are independent yet they are complementary.

  symphonies have these four movements and they usually operate in the following way:

  • A fast opening movement;
  • a slower, more lyrical second movement;
  • then a third movement that’s derived from dance;
  • and then a fourth movement that’s sort of again “up tempo,” fast, emphatic conclusion.

  Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony 有 4 个movement【四乐章交响曲】，总时长在30-40分钟。

  1. 有生气的快板（Allegro con brio）
  2. 稍快的行板（Andante con moto）
  3. 谐谑曲：快板（Scherzo: Allegro）
  4. 快板（Allegro）

• Genres, Motives, and Themes

  【Genre ：音乐体裁】

  A motive is just a little cell, a germ, out of which the composer will build other musical material.【动机】

  【聆听 Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony第一乐章开头部分，short, short, short, long】

  Themes tend maybe a little bit more lyrical.

  【聆听 Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony 第二乐章】

  Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony第三乐章 呼应着 第一乐章的motive, 还挺明显的。

  Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony第四乐章，小号trumpets 加入， sort of upbeat, positive.

  in this 40-minute interval we’ve gone sort of through an emotional musical journey here from despair, despondency, uncertainty, to whatever- to personal triumph, and in a way that mirrors some of the things that were going on in Beethoven’s life.

  concerto【协奏曲】

  three movements.

  Tchaikovsky’s Piano Concerto Number One【柴可夫斯基第一钢琴协奏曲】，总时长在30分钟左右。

  第1乐章：不太快的和极其庄严的快板—生气勃勃的快板（Allegro non troppo e molto maestoso - Allegro con spirito）

  第2乐章：朴素的小行板—最急板—初速（Andantino simplice - Prestissimo）

  第3乐章：火热的快板（Allegro con fuoco）

• Introduction to the French Horn and Partials

  展示了乐器：French Horn, Eva Heater 老师吹了下 Zarathustra 开头的小号部分。

• The Bassoon and the Viola

  展示了巴松管和小提琴。

• Mussorgsky and the Basic Principles of Acoustics

  播放 Modest Musorgsky work Pictures at an Exhibition 中的Polish Oxcart【牛车来了又去了……】

  Doppler principle： 多普勒效应。

• Dissonance and Consonance in Strauss’s Death and Transfiguration

  Richard Strauss’s Death and Transfiguration中的Dissonance and Consonance 【完全懵逼……】

  With dissonant intervals they tend to be frequencies that are sounding right next to each other, very close-by frequencies [间隔很短？]

  If you allow a little bit of spacing, a little more space between your frequencies, they’re a little bit farther apart, then you can move from closeness to spacing and you get the consonance.

  【这里Mark下，期待后期听多了可以 get 到点上】

  [2020-02-03]

  Lecture 03 Rhythm: Fundamentals

  【简直迷上了Ravel 的 Bolero。】

  这节课两件事：

  • Advantages and Disadvantages of Musical Notation

    乐谱的优缺点。

    Advantages：

    • it allows the composer to specify rather precisely what he or she wants, to sort of write things out in the form of musical details. 【便于作曲家创作，也便于有才华的作曲家被认可，不致埋没】
    • It allows us to preserve the work of art.【we can bring it back to life】

    【想起《触不可及》里面，菲利普一脸严肃地说艺术是人作为生命的过客能在世上留下的唯一痕迹。】

  ​ 这里播放了一段伊斯兰教Islamic的Adhan 片段 和 Chuck Mangione 与乐队即兴发挥的sax solo。

  ​ 【Adhan 部分，呃，建议白天听，晚上听可能需要点胆子，Youtube上有完整版】

  • Beats and Meters

    介绍音乐的脉搏，节拍 和 节奏。

    the idea of pulse in music and the beat in the music and rhythms in music.

    whole note = 4 * quarter notes

    this whole note obviously can be subdivided into two half notes and each of the half notes into two quarter notes, each of these quarter notes into two eighth notes, and so on.

    Rests： 休止符，represent the absence of sound。

    Pulse: music theorists have said that the pulse in music is basically at the same tempo as the human pulse. 【音乐的脉搏同人类的脉搏？72拍/分钟】

    In this course, only play with two types of meter, duple and triple.

    Two things focus on:

    • differentiate between duple and triple meter
    • recognize some very basic rhythmic patterns

• Exercises Distinguishing Duple and Triple Meters

  Duple: strong, weak, strong, weak, strong, weak…….

  Triple: strong, weak, weak, strong, weak, weak, strong, weak, weak…….

  Exercises:

  • Duple: Yale fight song: Bulldog [written by Cole Porter]
  • Triple: plays piano

• Conducting Basic Meter Patterns: Exercises with REM, Chopin, and Ravel

  Downbeat: The first part of the bar.【真的是很懵逼……】

  在downbeat 之前有一小段音乐，叫做 pick-up，类似跳水运动员跳水前的准备动作。

  all music has a downbeat, not all music starts with a downbeat. Sometimes when listening to music you have to wait. 【好了，连 downbeat 是啥都不清楚，怎么找？】

  there are four principal ways that composers signal to us the where abouts of the downbeat.

  • That has to do with duration.【short, long, long 拖的比较长】
  • through accent【Mozart’s Fortieth Symphony in G Minor, 第一乐章 2/2， 高pitch前的那段？】
  • through patterns of accompaniment【 waltz by Johann Strauss，懵逼ing…..】
  • by means of chord change 【一段 REM的 pop music， 彻底懵逼，不知道change的点在哪里……】

  rhythm practice： Chopin‘ piece

  【change key后面那段，41:49 ～ 42:16，lovely, 感觉像是Nocturne in E Flat Major Op. 9 No. 2，先Mark下】

  这里教授调侃了下自己，哈哈.

  最后的练习曲目：Maurice Ravel’s Bolero.【真的是很特别，小白都被迷住了】

  Maurice Ravel was a French composer writing in the early twentieth century. It’s a unique piece because what he does is take some very basic patterns and simply repeats them over and over and over again for about fourteen and a half minutes depending upon the tempo that the conductor is taking the music.

  【感觉全程最苦的是鼓手：P】

[2020-02-04]

Lecture 04 Rhythm: Jazz, Pop and Classical

【这一课估计要刷好几遍……I’ll be back】

• Introduction to Multiple Partials

  一段热身，回顾 duple 和 triple。

  后面教授讲了一段有关sound的问题。

  So when we hear any particular sound, again, we’re hearing an amalgam of many sounds, and the importance of each of these partials in the aggregate of sound is what gives it its particular color. 【不懂】

• Syncopation and Triplets

  切分音和三连音。【懵逼ing……】

  What’s tempo in music?

  It’s the pace or speed of the beat.

  节拍渐进增强：accelerando 【 fancy Italian term】

  越来越慢的节拍：ritardando

  What is Syncopation?

  It is simply the insertion of an impulse, a “hit” if you will, at a metrical place that we do not expect it to be.

  Scott Joplin 是在作品中运用 syncopation 的高手。【虽然还是听不出来syncopation到底在哪……】

  practice：The Entertainer 【不得不说，前奏简直要跪！】

  What is Triplets?

  a triplet is simply insertion of three notes in the place of two, not more complicated than that.

• Basics of Musical Texture

  【这一章节彻底懵逼】

  what is Texture?

  Texture in music is the dispositions of the musical lines.

  three fundamental textures:

  • monophonic texture

  • homophonic texture

    it all lines up pretty much together; all the parts are changing together.

  • polyphonic texture

    a lot of lines going their own way.

    Two types:

    • imitative polyphonic texture 【imitative：仿效的，模仿的】

    • free counterpoint

      这里教授提到了巴赫喜欢的对位counterpoint，播放了一段 Louis Armstrong 的作品，来说明free counterpoint。

      随后播放了一段Johnny Dodds的作品。

  Practice: rhythmic dictation 【听写节奏】

  教授举了两个Mozart的例子来说明天才果然是天才……

  练习的曲子来自：Great Gate of Kiev from Pictures at an Exhibition

• Mozart’s Requiem: Insights on Varying Textures and Pitches

  最后的压轴：the “Lacrimosa” out of the “Dies irae” out of the Requiem Mass of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart written in Vienna seventeen 1791

  Mozart’s Requiem: Mozart 安魂曲，1791，Mozart 因病离世，安魂曲尚未完成，由其学生补全。

  mass【弥撒曲】 同 symphony 【交响乐】，concerto【协奏曲】一样，也是音乐体裁的一种。

  the rhythm picture：

  the rhythm associates with the damned:

  The bass rhythm is moving very quickly, it is also going up. It keeps rising up. This builds tension.

  Pretty skippy music / Very dissonant music / Minor

  the rhythm associates with the prayer:

  It’s consonant, it’s in major, it’s high and, most important, the rhythm is very uncomplicated. The notes are long and slow.

  欣赏：

  Now the basses.

  Now the quiet prayer.

  Change to major.

  Now the modulation — change of key from major to — back to minor as the cortege will start up again。[modulation]

  A nice clarinet sound there and here comes our cortege with the bass. [单簧管响起，低音部分送葬乐队]

  Now just a final close, a cadence.

  最后教授来了句，Dancing to heaven. 哈哈。

[2020-02-05]

Lecture 05 Melody: Notes, Scales, Nuts and Bolts

• The Nature of Melody

  melody shows up in the high range.

  Reason:

  because the way sound waves operate.

  The higher frequencies take a lot shorter time to clear.

  melodies play faster notes because those sounds clear quickly and we can hear and enjoy the melody.

• The Development of Notes and the Scale

  五线谱，每条线之间的frequency /space 是一样的。

  重复八度：octave duplication。

  很多国家的音乐中，都应用了octave duplication.

  west: ABCDEFG，seven notes within the octave.

  Indonesia: six notes within the octave.

  Example: Ravi Shankar’s raga, 用的乐器 sitar 是一种类似吉他的印度弦乐器

  China: five-note within the octave.

  Example: 阿炳的《二泉映月》

  简介古希腊人处理音乐的方式。

  ancient Greeks were very much into mathematics as a way of explaining the world and explaining music in particular.

  【这段暂时不懂，待消化书上的内容。】

• Major, Minor, and Chromatic Scales in World Music

  • seven notes within the scale of the major scale

    

  • seven notes within the scale of the minor scale

    

  音阶：在八度之内，音的上行和下行的一种固定形式。可以把它想象成一个有八级的梯子，在固定的高和低的两个点之间，由八度形成，可以上或者下这个梯子。

  其中，除了BC，EF之间是半级，其他的都是一级。

  升号 sharp # VS 降号b flat【相当于键盘上的黑键音】

  升调是升半个scale，降调是降半个scale

  black notes, can be called sharps or flats. flats are below, take you down a half step, while sharps take you up a half step.

  C大调音阶：按钢琴上的白键 CDEFGABC，正好对应着 1-1-1/2-1-1-1-1/2

  C小调音阶：按钢琴上的白键CD，DE间的黑键降E，白键FG，GA间的黑键降A，AB间的黑键降B，白键C，正好对应着1-1/2-1-1-1/2-1-1, 即 C D E-flat F G A-flat B-flat C

  同理：

  A大调音阶：按钢琴上的白键AB，CD间的黑键升C，白键DE，FG间的黑键升F，GA间的黑键升G，白键A。即A B C-sharp D E F-sharp G-sharp A

  A小调音阶：白键 ABCDEFGA

  tonic note: the primary note

  leading tone:pull into the tonic，引出 tonic note，it is always the seventh degree. It’s always a half step.

  例子：Luciano Pavarotti 歌唱片段。

  Most of our popular music, folk songs and things like that, are written in duple meter and in a major key. Occasionally, you get things written in triple meter and in a minor key — minor key.

  example：Gershwin Porgy and Bess，【感觉是duple，minor】

  在古典音乐中，小调也是很少的，大部分都是大调。

  这里教授举了Beethoven’s Third Symphony 第二乐章 minor部分和 Mozart 的作品片段 。

  Major: happy, bright, optimistic.

  Minor: somber. 【灰暗，昏暗】

  大调和小调的形成历史介绍：

  back to sixteenth century, people started writing these things called madrigals, that were tied to texts. And they got in this habit of, every time they had a bright, happy text, they’d set this in one kind of mode or key — a major mode — and every time they had a sad one, they’d set it in minor.

  后面教授放了一段犹太人的音乐Traditional Jewish folk music【major 和 minor 之间的界线有点懵逼】

  chromatic scale： 半音阶，chromatic 来自希腊语chroma色彩，附加的五个音高的确为音乐增加了色彩。

  半音阶会增加紧张和不安。

  chromaticism adds tension to music and especially chromaticism that’s pulling up.

• Pitch and Rhythm in Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony

  这一段完全就是应用前面的所学了。

  Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony 第一乐章，前面部分。

  乐器：低音提琴，巴松管，小提琴。

  texture织体： polyphonic.复式

  中间巴松管部分，是countpoint，【没听出来】

  低音部分的低音提琴，和声。

  后面加入了铜管乐器。

[2020-02-06]

Lecture 06 - Melody: Mozart and Wagner

• What Makes a Melody Beautiful?

  教授回顾了下上节课的内容，后面提到了antecedent and consequent phrase structure【开头的句式和结束的句式？】

  and, so, what makes a melody beautiful?

  It’s sort of like the definition of pornography: you know it when you see it, or you know it when you hear it.

• Puccini’s Gianni Schicchi: Cadences and Sequences

  Giacomo Puccini的歌剧 Gianni Schicchi 贾尼·斯基基

  查了下wiki，呃，这个人全名真的是超级长：

  贾科莫·安东尼奥·多米尼科·米凯莱·塞孔多·马利亚·普契尼（Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo María Puccini）【老师点名的时候得多辛苦】

  意大利作曲家，主要代表作：《波希米亚人》、《托斯卡》与《蝴蝶夫人》等歌剧，这些歌剧当中的一些歌曲已经成为了现代文化的一部分，其中包括了《贾尼·斯基基》的《亲爱的爸爸》与《图兰朵》中的《今夜无人入睡》在内。

  这里，教授选的就是《贾尼·斯基基》的《亲爱的爸爸》，是作品中的咏叹调。

  【网易云上有完整的曲子，评论部分真的是笑死人，三个字总结了这段《亲爱的爸爸》：爸，打钱。】

  deceptive cadence：假终止。Where you’re expecting to go this way, but we go that way.

• Wagner’s Tristan and Isolde: Exploring Melodic Ascents and Descents

  melodic sequence:

  simply the repetition of a musical motive at a successively higher or lower degree of the scale.

  two kinds:

  • ascending melodic sequence[音越来越高，going up, tension]
  • descending melodic sequence [音越来越低，going down， relaxation]

  欣赏 Wagner 的歌剧Tristan und Isolde 的前奏曲 prelude 和咏叹调aria 伊索尔德之死 liebestod

  摘自wiki上对于 特里斯坦与伊索尔德 Tristan und Isolde歌剧的介绍：

  一部三幕剧， 是瓦格纳和马蒂尔德·维森东克的恋情写照，马蒂尔德·维森东克是其赞助人维森东克的妻子。情节最早来源于凯尔特人的故事集中关于阿图斯国王与特里斯坦的传说。

  教授似乎不喜欢Wagner，Richard Wagner — not a very nice man, needless to say.

  前奏部分：ascending/rising melodic sequence， highly chromatic music.

  it uses this sequence to work up to a climax, hits a dissonance, resolves it into consonance. each level gets higher and higher in the violins, the trumpets come in, almost kind of like a snake rising through it.

  咏叹调 liebestod: This is not antecedent and consequent; this is a motive being pushed higher and higher each time to a climax. he used the dissonance. then he took it up two more degrees and folded it in to a consonance, so it was all very consonant at the end. 【从不和谐到和谐】We have deceptive cadences here, and we have another kind of cadence called an Amen cadence that brings an additional resonance — an additional symbolism to the conclusion.

• Mozart’s Marriage of Figaro: Melodic Sequence Analysis

  aria of Mozart’s Marriage of Figaro,we’re going to see an example of rising melodic sequence in it.

  这次教授请来了一名大四学生Lauren Libaw， a very experienced singer, and a very, very good singer。

  【很美很可爱的小姐姐】

  歌唱的部分是童仆凯鲁比诺的咏叹调部分，此时凯鲁比诺十四岁，处于情窦初开的年龄，一看见女人就不知所措，这首是他为他心爱的女伯爵献歌，歌词大意：

  你们可知道，什么是爱情？

  女士们，我心中的那个可是爱吗？

  女士们，我心中的那个可是爱吗？

  我想把一切讲给你们听，

  它如此陌生，我对此一无所知，

  只感到心中翻腾不定；

  时而狂喜，时而消沉，

  我心中充满火样热情，

  一瞬间又感到寒冷如冰。

  这是超越自我的感觉，

  我无法自持，甚至不知它是什么，

  不知道为什么终日叹息，

  莫名其妙地颤抖心悸，

  日日夜夜不得安宁，

  但我竟沉醉于此无法自拔。

  你们可知道，什么是爱情？

  女士们，我心中的那个可是爱吗？

  女士们，我心中的那个可是爱吗？

  女士们，我心中的那个可是爱吗？

  赏析：【又名听不懂系列】

  Mozart starts out here with the antecedent and consequent phrase structure. it rises up through the rising melodic sequence.that’s the climax, the peak of the whole aria, and then the bass, And when we get back to the tonic, then it comes in. a deceptive cadence, And then we have our flyover,And that’s the way it ends. So you come back to the tonic, okay? We’ve arrived. We’ve landed.

  Lovely.

  Mozart is one of the guys that puts this whole idea of structure with melody on the map. Structure, symmetry are very important in his compositions.【在Mozart的作品中，结构和对称非常重要】

[2020-02-08]

Lecture 07 Harmony: Chords and How to Build Them

介绍和声harmony和三和弦

• Introduction to Harmony

  Harmony is one of the two things that really distinguishes the music of Western civilization — Western classical music, Western pop music，区分西方古典和流行的另一个, 是曲谱。

  Harmony:

  this concept of superimposing multiple pitches【多个音重叠，很多人同时弹一个调？】

• The Formation and Changing of Chords
  chords：和弦

a chord is just a simultaneous sounding of two or more pitches.【同时进行的两个或多个音】

chord可以是和谐的，也可以是不和谐的。consonant or dissonant.

This lesson is working with consonant chords【和谐的和弦】

最基础的和弦是三和弦 triad。

So what’s a triad?

a set of three notes that can be stacked vertically in thirds.【from wiki】

三个音按三度关系叠置。

同时按住白键CEG。【有点像Vim里面同时按住多个键……】

dominant and sub-dominant: 【这一节完全懵逼】

The tonic is very important and this dominant — what we call the dominant. It’s not really the most important. It sort of leads into, pulls into — particularly important setting up the tonic. It’s the next important. Right below that is the sub-dominant. It often pulls into the dominant which then pulls into the tonic in that fashion.

练习曲目： Johnny Cash’s Streets of Laredo

why do we change chords?

we change chords to make the harmony consonant or to make the harmony harmonious.

聆听时的两个问题：

• Is the harmony changing?

• And if it is changing, is it changing at a regular or irregular rate?

  「By regular rate, every time a chord sounds it will be holding for exactly the same amount of time.」

answer: changing in regular rate

练习曲目：教授自弹 Jingle Bells

harmony 出现在低音bass 部分

一段DVD视频，引入了 mystery bass player Peter Salovey.

How are they doing this? They’re hearing the chords. They’re hearing tonic, subdominant and dominant, and I think we can hear them too.

【期待我哪天也能听出来tonic, subdominant and dominant……】

• Harmonic Progressions

  the bass note is sort of the foundation and then you add these other things up above it, and they produce these chords and the chords are tonic and dominant and so on.

  【在低音的基础上，加入和弦，构成tonic，dominant】

  arpeggio： 琶音，一般是用竖琴弹奏琶音。【会弹竖琴的都是仙女！】

  taking the notes of the triad and just spinning them out in succession.

  just a chord with the notes played successively to create an arpeggio.

  一串和弦组成音从低到高或从高到低依次连续圆滑奏出，可视为分解和弦的一种.

  【有种大珠小珠落玉盘的感觉】 

  Alberti bass：

  阿尔贝蒂低音, 指的是分解和弦的各个乐音按照特定顺序演奏，通常依“最低、最高、中等、最高”的顺序。

  It’s a good way of harmonizing something.

  boogie-woogie bass:

  a piano blues style from the early 20th century.

  【Youtube上有教学boogie-woogie的视频，看着感觉弹起来手很疼……】

  Beethoven在协奏曲中用到过。

  赏析 J.S.Bach prelude to the first book of his “ Well-Tempered Clavier”：

  a succession of chords played as arpeggios

  大约140年后，19世纪的法国作曲家 Charles Gounod 为巴赫的这段prelude配上了melody。

  【大提琴cello真的是超美，真的被The Swan惊艳到了，怪不得教授说 I’ve always said if I ever come back as a musical instrument I want to come back as a cello.】

  major triad and minor triad:

  练习：Franz Liszt’s Lugubrious Gondola， focus on the change from one triad to the next.

  低音部分，为琶音， just an arpeggio underneath。

  练习：the “Moonlight Sonata” of Beethoven【贝多芬的月光协奏曲】

  distinction between a major triad and a minor triad【这段完全没听懂，补】

• Major and Minor Harmonies in Popular Music

  练习： U2‘s Love is Blindness

  ostinato harmony: from the Italian word ostinare, stubborn。【任何持续重复的因素，称为固定反复】

  when that pattern repeats

• Modulation through Harmony

  modulation: the change from one tonality (tonic, or tonal center) to another.

  练习： Aaron Copland‘s Appalachian Spring

  Modulations are hard to hear. The best you can do is that oftentimes is say, “This is unsettled. Maybe it’s modulating,”

  练习：Beach Boys‘ these California airheads.

[2020-02-09]

Lecture 08 Bass Patterns: Blues and Rock

继续和声部分的理论知识，继续懵逼ing……

• Review of Chord Formation

  三和弦 CEG，C 是 根音The root of the triad

  tonic (I)

  the dominant (V)

  sub-dominant(IV): right next to and below the dominant

  a I chord built on the first degree of the scale,

  a V chord built on the fifth degree of the scale,

  a IV chord built on the fourth degree,

  and a VI chord built on the sixth degree.

  When an orchestra plays or an ensemble plays and they’re just playing individual notes that all together form a chord.

  Question: Why do we change chords?

  Because the melody changes and not all harmonies are concordant with every note.

  这里，教授提到了pitch音高，感觉挺有意思。

  什么情况下，pitch dissonant (音不和谐)？

  pitches that are right next to each other — very close to each other — are dissonant.

  The closer these pitches are together, the more likely they are to be dissonant.

  所以弹CD会dissonant，弹CA就不会, because you allow a little separation between the two pitches, that makes them consonant, much better.

• Chord Progressions and Harmonic Change

  Chord Progressions： 和弦进行？

  what is chord progression?

  A sequence of chords that sound good together, kind of make sense together.

  They seem to be going somewhere and there’s this sort of force of pull or gravity in music having to do with some chords wanting to go to other chords.

  如何能听到这些chord？如何能听到chord progression？如何能听到和声？

  to get a sense of harmony we’re going to listen to the bass.

  听低音部分，“下”到低音。

  听的时候，注意什么？

  figure out if the harmony is changing, and if it is changing whether it’s changing at a regular or irregular rate.

  和声是否变化，变化是规律的还是不规律的？

  Almost all classical music involves irregular rates of harmonic change.

  练习：Richard Wagner’s Ring Cycle 开头部分。

  Richard Wagner’s Ring Cycle： 尼伯龙根的指环，由瓦格纳作曲及编剧，整个于1848年开始创作，至1874年完成，历时共26年。

  尼伯龙根的指环是一个由四部歌剧组成的系列，分别为：

  • 莱茵的黄金

  • 女武神

  • 齐格弗里德

  • 诸神的黄昏

  练习：Dave Matthews Ban的作品片段

  练习：Mozart’s G Minor Symphony 【听起来应该是 Symphony no.40】

  赏析：【不懂系列】

  At the beginning, these chords are holding for four measures or a total of eight beats.

  Then as it goes on,Then we’re getting two changes per beat.It’s getting faster and faster and faster.

  The amount of time that each chord is holding is getting shorter and shorter and shorter as we drive into that cadence. cadence is simply the end of a musical phrase, particularly in this case the end of a chord progression, where we are at a point of arrival; the cadence brings us to a point of arrival. So that’s a piece of Mozart.

  练习：Beethoven‘s Symphony no.6, Pastoral Symphony【田园交响曲，田园牧歌】

  赏析：

  He’s doing the opposite of what Mozart did. He’s trying to relax us here by slowing down the rate of harmonic change here. That held for about thirty seconds, that tonic chord.

• Popular and Classical Music Chord Progressions

  流行音乐中的和弦进行。

  What does pop music do for us that’s very helpful?

  • regularity and repetition

  • most of the chords in rock music in particular tend to be root-position chords, and for that reason they’re easier to hear.

  练习：Badly Drawn Boy 的歌 【regular，two chords, 没听出来】

  练习： Justin Timberlake 【regular，four chords, each chord was holding for two beats there in duple meter】

  What’s the difference between pop and classical music?

  pop music tends to have simpler harmonies, and that those harmonies tend to be more repetitious, that they tend to have harmonies that have chords in root position.

  We’ve got text in pop music that tells us what this music means. classical music, probably eighty-five percent of it, does not involve a text, and that’s a whole different ballgame because then you have to communicate meaning in a completely different sort of way.

  pop music are much shorter.

  Most classical music is written down.

  The structure of a popular piece is often more predictable in pattern and verses and bridges and chorus whereas with classical music you really can’t predict what part of the movement you’re at.

  classic music has the capacity for expansion.

• Three-Chord Progressions

  练习：Beach Boys’s 歌片段，它是 Three-Chord Progressions， 和弦的顺序为 sub-dominant (IV), dominant (V), tonic (I)

  练习：Beethoven‘s Symphony no.6 最后一个乐章

  出场的乐器：单簧管Clarinet，法国号French horn

  using the same three-chord chord progressions in the Beach Boys.

• Four-Chord Progressions

  练习：Gene Chandler’s Duke of Earl

  赏析：

  got four chords I, VI, IV, V, I, VI, IV, V operating here and they’re changing regularly.

  what happened in that middle section?

  it went on and on and on, longer, longer, longer, then in that middle section each chord was changing at the rate of two measures. So the whole piece, then, would be a piece involving irregular rate of change.

  练习：Mozart’s Symphony No. 5 in B-flat, 低音部分同Gene Chandler’s Duke of Earl

  练习：a passage of composer Gioachino Rossini‘s opera 【完全懵逼， 听懂的感觉一定很好玩吧？】

  赏析：

  the first thing we got to do is sort of lock on to the tonic.

  If you ever hear music rocking back and forth repeatedly between two chords, it’s probably tonic, dominant, tonic, dominant.

  It was I, VI, IV, V, I progression.

  what happened next was he then started to run that faster, twice as fast as it had been before, changing rate of harmonic pattern.

  The end of that was all just the tonic. He just sat there on the tonic forever. It’s a good example of sort of real time and psychological time in music. You knew it was time to start clapping as soon as that chord hit that.

[2020-02-10]

Lecture 09 Sonata-Allegro Form: Mozart and Beethoven

lecture 9~lecture 11， lecture13～lecture14 都是讲曲式的。

let’s pursue the issue of musical form.

• Verse-Chorus Form in Popular Music

  Form is particularly important in all types of music.

  What’s the most common form that one encounters when dealing with pop songs?

  “verse and chorus” structure. 或教授的 “strophe and refrain” structure.

  Frederick Evans 举了NSYNC的“Bye Bye Bye” 说明流行音乐中的“verse and chorus” structure.

  分析：

  It’s half of the chorus or so when it starts and then there’s verse, chorus, verse, chorus and then what I call the bridge, which is like an emotional climax. And then the last one is a really powerful chorus where they just bring it home and then the music fades away.

  这里，教授听“Bye Bye Bye” 后，提到了Lament bass悲叹低音。

  Google了下什么是Lament bass。【看不懂，先码上】

  半音化四度（chromatic fourth，或 passus duriusculus）是一段横跨纯四度，并覆盖了这个四度中几乎所有半音程的旋律或旋律片段。

  在巴洛克和古典主义时代的歌剧中，半音化四度常见于低音声部，被用在悲伤的咏叹调中。这种创作技法被称作“悲叹的低音（lament bass）”

  在贝多芬的第9号交响曲第一乐章的倒数第二页的大提琴和低音提琴部分，可以找到半音化的四度。

  【byebyebye的bridge部分，感觉是竖琴弹出来的，Mark下。】

• Introduction to Form in Classical Music

  音乐中体裁genre和曲式form的区别：

  genre 在音乐中，是simply musical type.

  symphony，string quartet，concerto，ballet, opera，classical New Orleans jazz，Blues 等都属于 genre。

  每一种体裁都是由乐章movement构成的，比如通常symphony有四个乐章，而concerto有三个乐章。

  每一个movement 由特定的form构成。each of the movements is informed by a particular form。

  以string quartet 弦乐四重奏为例：

  弦乐四重奏是一种音乐演奏形式，或是说一种音乐作品，由4把弦乐器负责，通常是2把小提琴，一把中提琴和一把大提琴。

  通常是四乐章的作品，首尾两乐章通常是快板，中间的乐章，在古典四重奏中是慢板和舞曲（如小步舞曲或谐谑曲）。【快板- 慢板-舞曲-快板， fast, slow, minuet, scherzo, fast，有些类似交响曲】

  为什么音乐中需要form？

  When we’re hearing a piece of music and all this stuff is coming at us we want to make sense of it by knowing approximately where we are. Am I still toward the beginning? Am I in the middle of this thing? Am I getting anywhere near the end of it? How should I respond at this particular point?

  古典音乐中的6种form：

  • ternary form 三段曲式
  • sonata allegro form 奏鸣曲式-快板
  • theme and variations 主题和变奏
  • rondo 回旋曲
  • fugue 赋格曲
  • ostinato 固定音型/固定低音

  其中， sonata-allegro is the hardest, the most complex, the most difficult of all of these forms.

  通常奏鸣曲-快板 出现在 sonata, concerto, string quartet, symphony 等体裁作品的第一乐章。

  slow movement， 则可能是 theme and variations 或者 rondo 或者 ternary form.

  小步舞曲或谐谑曲几乎总是三段曲式 ternary form。

  今天这堂课，我们学三段曲式和奏鸣曲-快板。

• Ternary Form

  以Beethoven’s “Für Elise”为例，介绍 Ternary Form。

  三段式就是简单的ABA, statement, contrast, statement.

  simply the idea of presentation, diversion, re-presentation or statement, digression, restatement — anything like this.

  这里，介绍了一下 relative major and minor 的概念。【完全懵逼，后面过第二轮的时候，再好好理解下】

• The Sonata-Allegro Form in Mozart’s “A Little Night Music”

  奏鸣曲式-快板，主要包含三个部分：

  • exposition 呈示部

    细分为第一主题（主部）、连接部bridge、第二主题（副部）、結束部。

  • development 发展部

    通常引申并进一步展开呈示部中的内容。

    the most polyphonic of any section in the piece. There’s a lot of counterpoint usually to be found in the development section.

  • recapitulation 再现部

  另有：

  结尾coda， 顾名思义，用来结束全曲。

  Codas generally are very static harmonically.

  Italian coda means tail, and these can be, like all tails, long or short. Mozart happened to like short codas. Beethoven liked longer codas.

  有的作曲家会在呈示部前面加上引子introduction。

  以Mozart’s Eine kleine Nachtmusik 为例：

  又称“第13号小夜曲”，作品编号K.525

  分四个乐章：

  1 第一乐章：快板
  2 第二乐章：浪漫曲（行板）
  3 第三乐章：小步舞曲和中间乐段（稍快板）
  4 第四乐章：回旋曲（快板）

  听第一乐章 奏鸣曲结构， a beautiful example of sonata-allegro form.

  【赏析部分完全懵逼了，listening，just listening。】

• The Sonata-Allegro Form in Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony

  Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony 第五交响曲第一乐章。

  赏析：【呈示部和发展部】

  exposition:

  开头部分，没有引子no introduction.just starts off with his first motive there, a four-note motive.

  随后bridge部分，连接部

  You get a sense of moving from point A to point B or from first theme to second theme.

  结束coda部分，法国号加入

  随后，一个新的抒情主题加入，以小提琴开启。a new lyrical theme comes in

  音越来越高，Building up dynamics and pitch.

  在最后结束的时候，closing theme，用了 arpeggio 琶音。 是一个relative major，一个相对大三和弦。

  注意听旋律，the closing theme , just a different configuration of that short, short, short long motive. 然后我们进入development。

  development:

  start with four-note motive.

  then, modulates through different keys.

  modulating to a higher key there.

  then, begins to build up in terms of pitch, taking it up higher and higher and higher, bring full of tension, 贝多芬用了diminished triad来营造不安和紧张。

  中间教授弹了一段 Mozart的K.545第一乐章的开头部分，哈哈，大饼练的那首，我竟然听出来了，开心！

  then starts playing around with just two notes.

  And then breaks it down to just one note, once again reaching for the essence here. That sounds like high, low, high, low.

  and finally this sort of insistent motive just breaks down the door and then the recapitulation can begin.

[2020-02-11]

Lecture 10 Sonata-Allegro and Theme and Variations

继续奏鸣曲式，主题和变奏。

这次请来了一位artist 做客，Kensho Watanabe，看出来教授很喜欢这个勤奋的小哥哥。

• Introduction

回顾上节课提到的，流行音乐中的 verse and chorus。

basically, you have the same material; you have the same musical material coming back again and again and again. With the chorus we actually have the same text coming back again and again and again. But with the verses although the music is the same, the text keeps changing each time. We get new strophes — or new verses — of text. So keep that in mind: verse, chorus, verse, chorus. Sometimes this can start with the chorus. Sometimes there’s a harmonic change in here that we would call the bridge, but essentially it’s the repetition of the same material over and over again in terms of the music — but in terms of the text, you get new text each time for the verses.

• Parts of the Sonata-Allegro Form

  奏鸣曲式形成于18世纪，it’s something put together in some measure by Joseph Haydn and then passed on to his good friend, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.【由海顿传给他的忘年交Mozart】

  因为后面教授计划安排学生们去听一场音乐会。第一个作品就是Mozart的，第一乐章便是奏鸣曲式，所以就继续讲奏鸣曲式。

  【听音乐会之前，搞懂这些很有必要啊，不然真的是暴殄天物，而且大概率会听睡着了……】

  继续上一个lecture，这里介绍了奏鸣曲的4个function types。

  • thematic

    开头presenting a theme，比如 Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony 开头，four-note motive后，呈现一个主题

  • transitional

    从主题A 到主题 B，需要一个过渡。transition

  • developmental

    对应着发展部

  • cadential

    结束部。

    where the composer will just throw on a lot of heavy, simple harmonic motion to slow the music down psychologically.

• Distinguishing Functional Types within the Sonata-Allegro

  嗯，现学现用。在奏鸣曲中，区分四个functional types。

  一段Mozart的pieces。

  【这段值得反复听。】

• Theme and Variations

  主题和变奏。

  主题一直在，只是有些变化而已。【归来仍是少年，哈哈】

  we will get that theme, get that theme again with something changed. Then we will get that material again with something changed. And again with something changed……

  教授给了一个隐喻来解释主题和变奏这种曲式。

  类似铁路火车上的一系列棚车之类的东西，大小大致相同，但是每辆棚车的外观都会有些许不同。

  一个主题越简单，就越有可能应用于主题和变奏曲式，也许是因为它使得作曲家拥有更多自由发挥的空间去进行变奏。

  the simpler the theme, the more likely that theme is to become the basis of a set of theme and variations.Maybe it gives the composer more freedom to pursue variation.

  来听 Beethoven’s “God Save the King” 和 耶鲁自家的毕业生Charles Ives的作品Variations on America。

  随后，练习 Mozart的小星星变奏曲。

  赏析：

  in the first variation, Mozart is changing the theme. he’s sort of changing the theme by making the notes go quicker.

  in the second variation, he is changing the context.

  And so on.

  in the final variation, He’s just ornamenting a major triad so it’s a good — more cadential stuff — sort of very simple material at the end.

• Examining Theme and Variations in Corelli’s La Folia

  邀请Kensho 一起合奏一曲。

  Kensho Watanabe，the concert master of the YSO. also one of the conductors of the Berkeley Chamber Orchestra, 三岁开始拉小提琴，同时对绝对音高非常敏感【has a very keen sense of absolute pitch】，人群中万里挑一。【One person in ten thousand has this particular gift, statistically.】

  一段小提琴和钢琴的合奏， lovely。

  教授和Kensho 合奏的是 Corelli 的 La Folia, Violin Sonata Op. 5 No. 12 in D Minor。

  Corelli：

  是巴洛克时期最有影响力的意大利小提琴家和作曲家，他几乎只为弦乐器创作。在器乐领域里，占有很重要的地位，音乐史上人称“现代小提琴技巧创建者”及“大协奏曲之父”。

  La Folia:

  西班牙语，福利亚舞曲，一般以基础和弦进行上以变奏曲形式演奏。

  共变奏13次。印象深刻的是教授让 Kensho 拉了一段用四指才能拉出来的和弦，说了一句：

  When he does it, you think it’s very simple, right, easy to do. It takes years to be able to do that.

  【真正台上一分钟，台下十年功，敬佩】

[2020-02-12]

Lecture 11 Form: Rondo, Sonata-Allegro and Theme and Variations

这节课主要的内容依然是曲式，回旋曲式， 主题和变奏。

先来了解下Johannes Brahms：

约翰内斯·勃拉姆斯:

浪漫主义中期德国作曲家。生于汉堡，逝于维也纳。

维也纳的音乐领袖人物，创作许多钢琴曲、室内乐、交响乐及合唱曲。勃拉姆斯本身是炫技钢琴家，首演过许多自己的作品。勃拉姆斯也和当时不少杰出的音乐家一起合作，包括钢琴演奏家克拉拉·舒曼以及小提琴演奏家约瑟夫·约阿希姆。勃拉姆斯的很多作品已成为现代音乐会的主要曲目之一。勃拉姆斯是不妥协的完美主义者，曾毁掉他的部分作品．也有一些未发表的作品。

3B之一。另外两个：Bach， Beethoven

He’s a very serious composer. He takes everything very seriously.

• Introduction to the Concert Program

  concert 音乐会：Saturday 8:00 p.m at Battell Chapel

  教授讲了下有关音乐会的事情，顺带布置了下作业 write a review for the concert。

  concert 的三个作品名单：

  • Mozart‘s The Marriage of Figaro
  • Johannes Brahms’s variations on a theme by Joseph Haydn
  • Beethoven’s Pastoral Symphony

• Analysis of Theme and Variations as a Form in Brahms’s Composition

  练习的曲目：variations on a theme by Joseph Haydn

  曲子遵循的曲式结构：A B C B， or Antecedent, Consequent, Extension, Consequent

  pedal point:

  This is a device that derives from organ technique where an organist would just put his foot or her foot on a particular key and just hold it for a long time.

  【从管风琴师那里延伸出来】

  hemiola：

  when you’re rolling in one of these and you suddenly shift to the other, back and forth.

  variation one: solo部分的乐器是双簧管 oboe

  variation five： so much syncopation. very fast

  variation seven：结构 A C A

  last variation: 【一如既往的懵逼】

  He’s got a theme and then he’s got what we call an ostinato in music.

  here he’s making this more complicated rhythmically by not only using hemiola and syncopation, but also threes against twos simultaneously. He’s throwing in some triplets in the melody up above.

  最后结束部分是一个coda，本来声音越来越低，感觉应该是结束了，结果一声响，重新来了一次主题，最后结束。

  if you don’t give the audience a coda, they’re expecting the next variation to begin. So you got to throw in that coda so that everybody knows, hey, that really was the end — no fooling.

• Introduction to the Rondo

  回旋曲式：one big theme coming back again and again and again.

  练习： Jean-Joseph Mouret‘s Rondeau Suite De Symphonies No. 1 in D

  B部分用管风琴弹奏

• Rondo in Vivaldi’s Spring Concerto and Mozart’s Horn Concerto

  • Vivaldi’s Spring Concerto

  回旋曲式

  • Mozart’s Horn Concerto

    Notice: each time the French horn plays the theme; then the orchestra repeats it。

• Rondo Form in Sting’s Music and Conclusion

  展示了教授自己拍的一张照片，In France at the Chateau de Chambord，建筑风格类似回旋曲 A, B, A, C, A, B, A form。

  练习： The Police’s Every Breath You Take， 从wiki上摘录下The Police 乐队的介绍：

  1977年在英国伦敦成立的三人摇滚乐队，由主唱史汀Sting、鼓手科普兰和吉他手萨默斯组成，曾六次获格莱美奖。最热门的两首作品：《every breath you take》，《wrapped around your finger》

[2020-02-14]

Lecture 12 Guest Conductor: Saybrook Orchestra

这节课请来了Saybrook Orchestra的首席指挥家 Bradley Naylor, the principal violist Katie Dryden 和 the principal flutist Elana Kagan。

整节课是为了周六晚上的一场Saybrook Orchestra的音乐会做准备。

【挺好玩的一节课，哈哈，喜欢教授对自己的那段调侃。】

• Introduction

  当我们去评价一场古典音乐会的时候，哪些该做哪些不该做？

  You do the following:

  • How well did the performance go?
  • How did the players do?

  You don’t do the following:

  • who the composer is.
  • when the piece was written.
  • the history of the piece, the historical context.
  • the meaning of the piece.

• Writing a Concert Review

  Beethoven’s Pastoral Symphony:

  sort of an introduction, then an introduction to the birds of the forest in the second movement, a peasant romp in the third movement, a storm gathers in the fourth movement. That — we have an extra movement in this particular symphony because we’ve got Beethoven writing a bit of pictorial music here in the form of a fourth movement that’s a storm — and then a hymn of thanksgiving that plays out in, basically, a rondo-variation form there at the end.

  听贝多芬的作品时，需要知道什么呢？了解贝多芬本人。

  在音乐会之前，你可以将要演奏的所有曲目都听一遍。

  在听音乐会的间隙，可以记录下你的感受。

  在结束后，写下你的review。

  教授的建议是：the sooner you write your review after a performance the better.

• Rehearsing and Leading an Orchestra

  Bradley Naylor 和教授的互动。

  Bradley Naylor 自小加入合唱团choirs，现在是一名conductor，很早开始学钢琴。

  这段教授和Bradley Naylor的一问一答还挺有意思的。有一段提到了Helmuth Rilling，德国指挥家，指挥三小时，不看曲谱，牛！

  Last year Helmuth Rilling, who is a famous German conductor, came and worked with some of the ensembles and did Mendelssohn’s Elijah, which is a huge romantic oratorio about two and a half hours long. The dress rehearsal — He came to the dress rehearsal, put his score down on the music stand, conducted for three hours, never opened it, and we were like, “Wow, this guy knows the score.”

  随后一群人玩了一个辨音的小游戏。

• Viola Excerpts from the Concert Program

  一场小型的音乐会，演奏 The Marriage of Figaro。

• Balancing Solos in the Performance and Conclusion

  the principal flutist Elana Kagan 表演了一段solo，Beethoven Pastoral Symphony second movement.【贝多芬田园交响乐第二乐章】

  one more question from professor Wright:

  Where should we sit?【去音乐会，我们坐哪里好呢？哈哈】

  Well, my favorite place to sit in concerts is somewhere where I can see that interaction between the different, I guess, gears in the machine, as you put it. So I would sit somewhere not directly behind the conductor, so somewhere where you can see the players ‘cause they’re the ones actually making the music. — Bradley Naylor

[2020-02-15]

Lecture 13 Fugue: Bach, Bizet and Bernstein

这节课说赋格，牛逼闪闪的Bach, the master of the fugue.

Every educated person should know what a fugue is. 【I want to be an educated person😂】

• Introduction

  教授介绍了fugue在文学，绘画等多个艺术领域的应用。

  然后介绍了一本fugue方面的书，Douglas Hofstadter 的《 Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid》 中文译名：《哥德尔、埃舍尔、巴赫：集异璧之大成》。

  看了下，豆瓣评分9.5，该书获得普立兹奖。

  看一下教授对这本书的读后感：

  I can follow about the first twenty-five or thirty pages or so. Then when it gets to the math it really gets over my head, but what it is is an attempt to use the fugue as a way of bringing a common mode of understanding to the visual arts, to mathematics and to music.

• The Structure of Fugues

  fugue的定义：

  A composition for two, three or four parts played or sung by voices or instruments which begins with a presentation of a subject in imitation in each part. The exposition continues with modulating passages of free counterpoint — the episodes — and further appearances of the subject, and ends with a strong affirmation of the tonic key.

  简单点的：

  they start out with one voice leading forward and then another voice imitates that voice exactly.

  如果 the following voice 从头到尾都跟 leading voice 一个调调的话，就不叫赋格，叫Canon, one voice imitating the other exactly from beginning to end.

  Fugue最少有两种voices，最多可有32种voices。

  最知名的赋格集就是Bach的《The Well-Tempered Clavier》，Clavier 意为 keyboard，the well-tuned keyboard， 调好的键盘乐器？ 中文翻译成了《十二平均律》。

  《The Well-Tempered Clavier》共有两本书，一本写于1722年，另一本完成于1742年，每一本中，都有24个 preludes 和 fugues 。

  what’s a prelude?

  It’s just a warm-up piece, to just sort of get relaxed. You get to see your fingers, get a feel of the keyboard. a prelude, a pre play, a warm-up, and then we go on to the meat of the issue, which is the fugue.

  【有点类似运动前的热身，虽然懵逼，但不得不说，prelude真好听啊】

  fugue的结构：

  呈示部 exposition：

  We have a leader and then a follower. And the follower duplicates the main idea, which we’re going to call th e subject, for a period of time, but then it kind of breaks off. So voices will come in and duplicate a certain amount of material and then break off and go their own way.

  After all of the voices are in, we’re at the end of what we call the exposition of the fugue.

  【注意区分奏鸣曲中的呈示部， 奏鸣曲中是 first theme and then second theme and closing theme， 而赋格则是只有一个主题，所有的voice都在各自的range 里 展示这个theme】

  【从进程角度看，follower 是从 leader fork出来的，然后中断，开始了自己的旅途，能这么理解吗？】

  After that we go to what’s called the “episode” of a fugue.【呈示部 结束后，便是episode 】

  Usually it modulates key and the vehicle through composers frequently modulate is melodic sequence, either up or down. You can kind of move around by using sequence. So it tends to be contrapuntal because it’s using little motives from the theme. It modulates, moves around a lot, goes to different keys, sounds a bit unsettled. these episodes in a fugue are sort of mini development sections.

  【类似奏鸣曲中的发展部】

  Then the subject will come back in a new key because we’ve modulated in the episode, subject in just one voice, new key, then another episode in which there’s modulation, more counterpoint, more movement; another statement of the subject in a new key; another episode; another statement of the subject, and on it goes until we have the sense, “oh, this is a very solid moment; yes, this fugue is ending.” And maybe they’ll throw upon one or — throw one or two chords on the end but that’s it.

  【最后主题以发展部中modulated key返回，以一个或多个和弦结束】

  fugue 和 Canon都属于imitative polyphonic texture， 模仿的复调。

  fugue 属于织体里面不那么严格的模仿的复调， 而卡农Canon 则是标准的模仿的复调，以一个主要声部开始，随后它被一个或更多的其他声部复制，跟随的声部完全准确地重复主要声部的主题。

• Fugue Analysis in J. S. Bach’s Compositions

  巴赫作品中的赋格分析。

  作品：Bach fugue No.2 in C minor Well-Tempered Clavier Book I。

  两种风格演绎 这段 fugue。Jazz 爵士 and Baroque 巴洛克风格

  Jazz 版本里面，低音部分的乐器是低音提琴。

• Fugue Structures in Excerpts of Bizet and Bernstein

  通常情况下，fugue是单独的，独立的作品。但有时，赋格也可以加入到其他的曲式中，这种手法称之为fugato.

  fugato：

  在另一种曲式中加入fugue，称之为fugato， a fugato is a fugue placed inside another form.

  比如在奏鸣曲式的发展部中，加入一段fugue。

  这里，选取了Georges Bizet 和 Bernstein 的赋格片段。

  Georges Bizet ：

  乔治·比才，法国作曲家。著名的作品包括歌剧《卡门》、戏剧配乐《阿莱城的姑娘》等。

  练习的曲子是Georges Bizet 的 Symphony in C Major 中的一部分。

  教授对这段曲子的评价：There’s a lovely romantic string sound, sort of break-your-heart string sound.

  赏析：

  We’ve got a four-voice fugue that’s going to start here.

  辨别出四个voice the bass, tenor, soprano, alto 低音，次中音，高音，中音 的出场顺序。

  ˙正确的顺序：bass， alto，tenor，soprano 【低音，中音，次中音，高音】

  Leonard Bernstein：

  伦纳德·伯恩斯坦，犹太裔美国作曲家、指挥家、作家、音乐教育家、钢琴家。

  1989年12月23日和12月25日是他永远被值得纪念的两天，伯恩斯坦在钢琴家尤斯图斯·弗朗茨的邀请下到柏林指挥贝多芬第九交响曲，地点分别是柏林爱乐厅和柏林音乐厅，由Unitel摄影。当时正值柏林墙倒下，伯恩斯坦将交响曲中席勒的《欢乐颂》改为《自由颂》。伯恩斯坦对此说道：“我肯定，贝多芬会同意咱们这么做的”。超过20个国家，一亿人通过电视转播收看了这场音乐会。

  特意找了下，Youtube上有视频，不是高清，但不影响观看，贴上 The Berlin Celebration Concert - Beethoven, Symphony No 9 Bernstein 1989. Enjoy the Berlin Freedom concert.

  【陡然觉得，生在这样的时代，真是莫大的幸福，那么多前人优质的作品，都触手可及，满满的感恩。】

  赏析Leonard Bernstein’s Prelude, Fugue, and Jazz Riff 的fugue部分：【除了萨克斯，其他继续懵逼……】

  演奏乐器：Saxophones 萨克斯

  We have a moment of melodic inversion.【转位】

  what we’re about to hear next is something of a surprise because we get a second fugue subject. And it’s a different fugue subject; it is not syncopated. It’s rather lyrical .

  So what we have here is called a double-fugue. He’s got one exposition with one fugue subject. Now he’s going to give us a completely different exposition with yet a second fugue subject, and then number one comes back.

  You can design a fugue subject, not only that it could go upside down, but in which the intervals instead of coming in long succession could be piled right on top of one another.

  The intervals back up on each other because they have been arranged to be consonant at key points and that’s called stretto, Italian word stretto, kind of tight — tight entries here. So here is fancy little bit of counterpoint by Leonard Bernstein that once again goes by very quickly.

  Now he’s going to bring back the two subjects together.

  So it’s a pretty nifty little fugue there by Leonard Bernstein with lots of intricate counterpoint involved in it.

  随后，是一段 Bach的fugue，3分22秒，用管风琴organ弹奏。

  欣赏这段fugue的时候，教授把灯关了，要求学生们闭上双眼，放松去听，听到fugue里面的subject时，举手示意。【我很怀疑当时底下有没有学生睡着了，不过这么好听的管风琴，应该没人舍得睡……】

  【呃，如果我没有听错，这里教授放的应该是Fugue in G Minor, BWV 578】

  听fugue时，只要做一件事：

  Differentiating between a passage in which you’ve got a statement of the subject and an episode where there ain’t no statement of the subject. 【找到subject和episode】

  赏析：

  we’ve gone soprano, alto, tenor and now bass.

  It’s in one of those inner voices.

  It’s a little bit disguised but it’s in there.

  Yep, way down in the bass.

  A nice, long sequence here.

  so episode.

  Yep, all the way up on top in the soprano.

  Another episode, descending sequence this time.

  Rising sequences here, falling sequences in the bass.

  最后课堂的结尾，播放了由 Glenn Gould 格连·古尔德弹奏的巴赫的fugue，边唱边教你如何写fugue：P。

[2020-02-16]

Lecture 14 Ostinato Form in the Music of Purcell, Pachelbel, Elton John and Vitamin C

最后一个曲式：ostinato form， 固定音型/固定反复/固定低音

• Review of Musical Forms

  教授提了下下周二的考试。【嗯，我考肯定挂科……】

  然后提了下，下周六的音乐会 The Jonathan Edwards Orchestra 。

  The Jonathan Edwards Orchestra is going to be performing at Battell and they’ll be doing the Beethoven Eighth Symphony and when you go there you’re going to have four movements in the Beethoven Eighth Symphony. 【贝八交响曲】

• Multiple Themes within Beethoven’s Third Symphony

  Beethoven’s Third Symphony， 又称 Eroica Symphony，英雄交响曲。这里的英雄原型指的是拿破仑Napoleon。后面贝多芬知道拿破仑加冕成皇帝后，很生气，知道他将会和其他人一样，成为一名独裁者，他愤怒地把这个谱子撕破了。【哈哈，贝多芬挺可爱。】

  降E大调第三交响曲“英雄”:

  该作品是交响曲历史上的里程碑式作品，规模宏大、充沛有力、情感丰富、结合了诗意和力量，极具独创性，在当时不受观众接受和欢迎；但却是贝多芬最为钟爱的作品之一。

  贝多芬早在1789年时就有写作一部英雄气概交响曲的想法，但并没有落到笔头。贝多芬于1801年觉察到自己的耳聋，并在翌年夏搬至海利根斯塔特以躲避维也纳的气候。在那里贝多芬写下了著名的海利根斯塔特遗书。他甚至想自杀，但“我的艺术把我拉回来”。在这一阶段，贝多芬作出了该交响曲，也表达了其内心的奋斗历程。这首交响曲从1803年5月正式开始创作，作品完成是在1804年的年初。

  练习Beethoven’s Third Symphony finale 终曲中的主题和变奏，赋格。

  赏析：

  Beethoven’s got a fugato in there, he’s got sections that sound like transition out of sonata-allegro form, and he’s working with two themes.

  在fourth variation中，贝多芬加入了fugue，使用了 fugato，其中赋格部分，voice的出场顺序是soprano, alto, tenor and then bass.

• The Ostinato Form in Purcell’s Opera

  Ostinato曲式：

  It’s something that happens again and again and again, just sort of obsessive-compulsive disorder applied to music.

  最典型的例子就是 Maurice Ravel‘s Bolero。

  It’s ostinato in every way in the sense that the melody keeps repeating over and over again for fourteen minutes. 【melody一直不断重复，可是听的时候一点儿都不觉得枯燥，反而很舒服😌】

  插播一段Maurice Ravel 的介绍：

  约瑟夫-莫里斯·拉威尔，法国作曲家和钢琴家。是法国乐坛中与克劳德·德彪西齐名的印象乐派作曲家。

  他的音乐以纤细、丰富的情感和尖锐著称，同时也被认为是二十世纪的主要作曲家之一。

  早年的拉威尔和德彪西有着密切的交往，德彪西的印象派作曲手法很自然就深入到拉威尔初期的创作中。到了后期，特别是第一次世界大战以后，拉威尔更倾向于明确的音乐语言，与那种晦暗的乐句划清界限。

  拉威尔自评：“严格的说，我不是一个‘现代作曲家’，因为我的音乐远不是一场‘革命’，我只是一场‘进化’。虽然我对音乐中的新思潮一向是虚怀若谷、乐于接受的，但我从未企图屏弃已为人们公认的和声作曲规则。相反，我经常广泛地从一些大师身上吸取灵感（我从未中止对莫扎特的研究），我的音乐大部分建立在过去的传统上，并且是它的一个自然的结果。我不是一个擅长写那种过激的和声与乱七八糟的对位的‘现代作曲家’，因为我从来不是任何一种风格的奴隶，我也从未与任何特定的乐派结盟。”

  【才知道 Maurice Ravel 原来同 Debussy一样，同属印象派啊，怪不得曲子听着那么舒服。】

  every aspect of melody, rhythm and harmony is controlled by this ostinato procedure.

  从巴洛克时期开始 Ostinato曲式 的学习。

  ostinato 总是出现在低音部分。when you get an ostinato it’s applied to the bass.

  练习：巴赫的 passacaglia C Minor, BWV 582，这里选取了管风琴了片段。

  随后的练习取自 Henry Purcell的歌剧 Dido and Aeneas 狄朵与埃涅阿斯。

  Henry Purcell：

  亨利·珀塞尔, 巴洛克时期的英格兰作曲家，吸收法国与意大利音乐的特点，创作出独特的英国巴洛克音乐风格。

  他被认为是英国最伟大的作曲家之一，独霸乐坛两百年。【江山代有才人出，各领风骚数百年……】

  Dido and Aeneas：

  狄朵与埃涅阿斯:

  三幕歌剧。

  该歌剧取材于维吉尔的史诗“埃涅阿斯纪”，演绎了北非女王狄朵和特洛伊英雄埃涅阿斯的爱情悲剧。

  练习部分为Dido’s Lament， 是女主狄朵以为自己被埃涅阿斯抛弃而深感悲痛。

  狄朵的唱段《当我躺在尘土之下时》（When I am laid in earth），是音乐历史上最著名的“哀歌” 之一。

  it’s built on an ostinato bass line. it just keeps recycling over and over and over again. 【低音部分反复】

• The Pachelbel Canon and Conclusion

  引入 Elton John‘s Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word. 【好悲的曲子】

  教授说， Elton John has stolen Pachelbel bass line。在《Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word》的副歌部分，Elton John 使用了Pachelbel bass line 帕赫贝尔卡农低音线。

  What’s the most famous ostinato bass of all time?

  最出名的固定低音是 The Pachelbel bass.

  There’s an irony with the “Pachelbel Canon” and that is that you never hear the canon in the “Pachelbel Canon.”

  Johann Pachelbel:

  约翰·帕赫贝尔，德国著名巴洛克时期作曲家、管风琴家，先后曾在许多地方担任过管风琴师的职位。巴赫的哥哥就曾在他门下学习。

  《D大调卡农》是约翰·帕赫贝尔最著名的曲子之一。以三部小提琴间隔两小节演奏一首完全相同的曲调，工整精致，“卡农”并非曲名，而是一种曲式，字面上意思是“轮唱”，简单的讲，就是有数个声部的旋律依次出现，给人绵延不断的感觉。

  练习：Pachelbel Canon in D major

  赏析：

  he’s got these three canonic lines — the three staves up above — all in the same register, and when people record this they always do it with the same instrument, usually just with a violin, so we have the violins up above, three violins all playing in the same register. You can’t pick out the canon. It just sounds like this unfolding jumble. It’s a very beautiful jumble but it’s indistinctive in that sense. 【一片混沌，无法分辨， You can’t pick out the canon，所以人们说在Pachelbel Canon中，听不到Canon】

  最后散场播放 Vitamin C 的Graduation，这首歌使用了帕赫贝尔卡农低音线。

[好久没更了，2月走的真快]

[2020-02-28]

Lecture 15 Gregorian Chant and Music in the Sistine Chapel

从 lecture 15开始，进入了这系列课程的第三部分，介绍各个时期的音乐历史。

总览：

Medieval：中世纪音乐（476～1450）

Renaissance：文艺复兴时期音乐（1450～1600）

Baroque：巴洛克时期音乐（1600～1750）

Classical：古典主义时期音乐（1750～1820）

Romantic：浪漫主义时期音乐（1820～1900）

Modernism：现代音乐（1880~至今），包括 Impressionist印象主义，代表人物 Debussy ，Ravel 和 Post-Modernist 后现代音乐/流行音乐。

lecture 15 介绍中世纪音乐。

中世纪：

(公元5世纪-公元15世纪）始于西罗马帝国（公元476年）的灭亡，终于东罗马帝国（公元1453年）的灭亡。中世纪历史自身也可分为前、中、后期三段。

中世纪的社会主要是农业社会，宗教是以修道院和修女院为中心的。人们的生活限定在劳动和祷告上，为生存而劳动，为拯救灵魂而祷告。

宗教仪式通常从黎明前就开始，清晨做的叫“晨祷”，黄昏时做的叫“晚祷”，每天最重要的仪式是 弥撒（Mass)，大约在9:00 AM开始，是对耶稣最后的晚餐的一种象征性再现。

【那个时代的生活很平静啊】

不得不说，看教授披着一身黑色袍子出现在课堂时，真的有些中世纪的味道……【后面知道教授原来是为万圣节而特意穿成这样的，哈哈】

好，开始穿越！

• Gregorian Chants in the Medieval Period

  中世纪的音乐 Gregorian Chants 格里高利圣咏。

  介绍罗马天主教堂音乐。

  What is Gregorian chant?

  Gregorian chant is the monophonic, one-line music — monophonic, one-line music of the Roman Catholic Church as it existed from the time of the earliest church fathers up until the time of the Council of Trent.【织体为单声调】

  Gregorian chant 以 教皇格里高利命名，但格里高利圣咏与教皇格里高利没有毛线关系。「Gregorian chant had almost nothing to do with Gregory.」

  What’s the purpose of Gregorian chant?

  two things.

  • it communicated the message of the church.【传达教会的信息，即传递神的旨意】
  • Chant also allowed for a period of reflection upon the subject of the preceding reading.【对前一个主题进行反思，引发人们思考】

  教授有一本梵蒂冈的歌集，唱了一段。

• Religious Influence on Early Music: The Roles of Monks and Nuns

  宗教对早期音乐的影响。

  Where was chant sung? 【圣咏一般在哪里唱？】

  early on chant was sung not so much in what we would call public churches but more in sequestered — usually rural — monasteries, religious communities segregated by gender — what, specifically, we would call monasteries for men and convents or nunneries for women.

  【修道院和修女院】

  教授介绍了一本书，好小好mini，《the Rule of Saint Benedict》《圣本笃院规》，内容是教导神职人员如何度过一天。【清教徒的生活】

  Yale大学的社区也提供类似的服务，估计类似冥想的地方吧。

  It’s just a lovely time for peace and quiet and reflection.

  教授讲述了他曾在巴黎南边的Solesmes待过10天，学习Gregorian Chant的经历。

  【整个经历让我想起之前看过一篇说禅修的。】

  You’re assigned a room, In that room you have a light bulb, you have a desk, you have a bed, some fruit. You have no radio. You have no clock, no television, and certainly no cell phone!

  in order to be in this monastery you are required to attend all of these canonical hours.

  典型的中世纪教堂里面，教授推荐法国的沙特尔大教堂 Chartres。【码上！！】

  沙特尔圣母主教座堂:

  位于法国巴黎西南约70公里处的沙特尔市。据传圣母马利亚曾在此显灵，并保存了马利亚曾穿着的圣衣，沙特尔因此成为西欧重要的天主教圣母朝圣地之一。1979年10月26日世界遗产委员会第3届会议起列入世界文化遗产。

  教授的五星推荐：

  If you have one cathedral to go to, I strongly — and I think I’ve been to all — I know that I’ve been to all the big ones in France — urge you to go to Chartres for several reasons.

  First of all, it has the most pristinely preserved town around the back of the church.

  It has the widest nave of any of these gothic cathedrals.

• Chant Analysis of Hildegard von Bingen’s “O Greenest Branch”

  介绍Hildegard：

  圣希尔德加德·冯·宾根（天主教译圣贺德佳，圣公会译圣希尔德格，德语：Hildegard von Bingen，拉丁文作Hildegardis Bingensis，1098年－1179年9月17日），又被称为莱茵河的女先知（Sibyl of the Rhine） 。

  中世纪德国神学家、作曲家及作家。天主教圣人、教会圣师。她担任女修道院院长、修院领袖，同时也是个哲学家、科学家、医师、语言学家、社会活动家及博物学家。

  希尔德加德约有80首音乐作品留存下来，数量远超过绝大多数的中世纪作曲家，其中最为人熟知的是宗教剧（liturgical drama）〈美德典律〉（Ordo Virtutum）。

  希尔德加德逝世后被教廷封为圣人，2012年又被追赠教会圣师称号，是天主教会史上第四位女性圣师。

  看得出来，教授很欣赏她。

  Her texts are the most startling, her imagery the most vivid, the most graphic, indeed the most beautiful.

  In her own musical creation, with regard to them, she styles herself simply a breath — a “feather on the breath of God.” What an interesting metaphor but very appropriate for this very modest individual.【呃，上帝气息上的一根羽毛？！】

  练习：Hildegard’s “O Greenest Branch”

  聆听 Anonymous Four 演唱的Hildegard 的作品，圣咏歌词如下：

  拉丁文：

  O rubor sanguinis,

  qui de excelso illo fluxisti,

  quod divinitas tetegit,

  Tu flos est,

  quod hyems de flatu serpentis numquam lesit.

  英文翻译：

  O redness of blood, 【鲜红的圣血】

  that flow down from heaven, 【从天堂落下】

  which divinity touched, 【犹如神性的触碰】

  You are the flower,【你似花般绚烂】

  the wintry breath of the servant — serpent will never wound. 【似诡诈之人的呼吸般冷漠，谁也伤不了你】

  【歌很空灵，很好听，不过穿一身黑袍的教授让人觉得很出戏，好像魔法学院……】

  在现代，格里高利圣咏并没有衰落，反而焕发生机。

  Chant 圣咏和 Beethoven 的音乐非常不同：

  Chant is the very opposite of the music of Beethoven.

  Beethoven tries to convince you to feel a particular way about every moment, every measure, in his music. It is very much rhetorical music.

  Chant, on the other hand, you can take on your own terms. It is non-authoritarian. It is non-assertive, non-aggressive. It floats unfettered.

  【不强势，不绝对，不侵略，自由自在，无拘束】

• From Monophony to Polyphony: A Cappella of the Sistine Chapel

  从单声调到复调。

  早期的复调音乐，教堂音乐，称为organum [平行复音]， 起源于法国的哥特式大教堂，特别是巴黎圣母院Notre-Dame of Paris。

  all cathedral organum was built upward above a pre-existing chant, above a pre-existing Gregorian chant.【建构在已有的圣咏上】

  The composer took the chant and placed it in the bottom voice and then added other voices up on top of it to form a counterpoint against it.

  练习：一段中世纪的平行复音 medieval organum。

  来看文艺复兴古罗马时期的音乐，特别是The Sistine Chapel 西斯廷教堂的音乐。

  The Sistine Chapel was the most famous of all churches in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, the core of the Renaissance. 【西斯廷教堂是15世纪晚期到十六世纪早期最出名的教堂，文艺复兴时期的中心】

  米开朗基罗参与了圣彼得教堂的设计，不是西斯廷，西斯廷教堂的旁边就是圣彼得教堂。

  为建造西斯廷教堂，教皇请来了当时最好的画家，最好的作曲家。

  当时请的作曲家为 Josquin des 和 Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina.

  Josquin des:

  若斯坎·德普雷（1450年到1455年之间－1521年8月27日），又作Josquin Desprez，简称常作Josquin（若斯坎），法国-弗莱芒作曲家，文艺复兴时期最杰出的音乐家之一。

  Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina:

  乔瓦尼·皮耶路易吉·达·帕莱斯特里纳（1525年－1594年2月2日），为意大利文艺复兴后期的作曲家，也是十六世纪罗马乐派的代表音乐家。由于帕莱斯特里纳在教会音乐中有很深的造诣，因此称为“教会音乐之父”，后来也认为是文艺复兴时期最杰出的作曲家之一，其作品是文艺复兴时期复音音乐的经典之一。

  没有任何乐器伴奏的歌唱，称为清唱，又称为西斯廷教堂唱法a cappella Sistina。

  呃，教授介绍了中世纪为了解决一类为了保持尖细高音，而年幼被阉割的男性，最热衷此行为的是天主教会，还好还好，1903年，这种行为已经被禁止。

  然后放了一段由 最后的阉伶歌手 Alessandro Moreschi 歌唱圣母颂 Ave Maria 的片段。

  随后的练习来自 Palestrina 在1590年左右为西斯廷教堂写的弥撒。

  Palestrina has taken a piece of chant, slightly — indeed what it was an old hymn, a monophonic hymn — slightly animated the line through the addition of simple rhythmic values, and placed it in four voices so as to amplify the sense. Four voices could do more to amplify the sense of the chant.

• Conclusion

  回到沙特尔大教堂（幻灯片），播放由 Bishop Fulbertus 福伯图斯主教 作曲的曲子，Sit back, relax。

[2020-03-03]

Lecture 16 Baroque Music: The Vocal Music of Johann Sebastian Bach

巴洛克时期的音乐。

• A Brief Biography of J. S. Bach

巴赫生平简介。

巴赫家祖上十代都是音乐家，ten generations of Bachs were musicians.

1685年，巴赫出生，9岁时，父母双亡，成为孤儿，由他的兄长Johann Christoph Bach抚养长大。

巴赫的音乐教育基本来源于自学。**for the most part, J.S. Bach was self-taught.**【果然，大牛都爱自学】

巴赫是如何自学的？

he copied music.【这里的copy music 是手抄乐谱，嗯，这倒是跟苏东坡的方法挺像的】

He copied music for two reasons：

• to learn the musical style
• to get music

那么， Bach 抄谁的？

Corelli。【前面lecture11 提到过他的作品La Folia《福利亚变奏曲》】

小 Bach 有多勤奋呢？

oftentimes surreptitiously by moonlight when he was supposed to be in bed.

【别人睡觉的时侯他在学习……】

Bach 求学的时候，为了向一位著名的管风琴师及音乐家学习，会徒步往返于两个城市之间。

walked from Arnstadt in the center part of Germany all the way up to the Hanseatic city of Lubeck on the North Sea up there, a distance of about two hundred fifty miles, in order to be able to sit at the feet of a very famous organist and composer there in Lubeck, and then he walked back.

【有种武侠片里面，跋山涉水拜名师的感觉……】

1708～1717年，Bach在Weimar 做管风琴师。1717年他打算离开 Weimar时，因未得到公爵的允许而辞职， 被他的雇主Duke Wilhelm 送进了监狱，据说就是在狱中，Bach 开始了《Well-Tempered Clavier 》的创作。

1723 年，Bach 去了Leipzig，然后在那里度过了余生。

欣赏： Bach Sanctus of the B Minor Mass， B小调弥撒圣咏

值得一提的是，Bach在他那个时代并没有受到如今这般的高度推崇。

Bach in his day was recognized and valued not so much as a composer but as a performer.

• Bach’s Music and Characteristics of Baroque Style

  Bach的主要作品：

  J.S.Bach The Art of the Fugue《赋格的艺术》:

  BWV 1080，是巴赫(1685-1750)的一部未指定乐器的未完成杰作.

  除了最后的赋格以外，全部的赋格都用到一个简单的D小调的主题.

  J.S.Bach Mass in B minor《B小调弥撒曲》：

  BWV232，是巴赫所写成的一首大篇幅拉丁弥撒套曲。创作时间经历25年。

  最先完成的可追溯至1724年，最后于作曲家去世前一年（即1749年）才被编成现时的样式。

  《B小调弥撒》被认为和《赋格的艺术》属于同一个范畴，即巴赫毕生对声乐的深刻探索的总结。它被认为是古典音乐的一个高峰。

  J.S.Bach Brandenburg Concertos 《勃兰登堡协奏曲》：

  德国作曲家约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫的一套管弦乐组曲，属于当时流行的大协奏曲体裁，一共六首。是作曲家最负盛名的管弦乐作品之一。

  六首分别为：

  • No.1 in F Major, BWV 1046
  • No.2 in F Major, BWV 1047
  • No.3 in G Major, BWV 1048
  • No.4 in G Major, BWV 1049
  • No.5 in D Major, BWV 1050
  • No.6 in B Flat Major, BWV 1051

  J.S.Bach The Goldberg Variations 《哥德堡变奏曲》：

  是约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫晚期的一部键盘作品，1741年出版。全曲32段，全部演出40-80分钟。

  1955年，加拿大钢琴家格伦·古尔德将其选作自己的第一张录音作品。

  1981年，格伦·古尔德重录了《哥德堡变奏曲》。

  1982年，古尔德在多伦多逝世。

  Bach 在Saint Thomas Church 圣托马斯教堂任职期间，完成了大约300首cantata 康塔塔。

  康塔塔：

  一种包括独唱、重唱、合唱的声乐套曲，一般包含多个乐章，大都有管弦乐伴奏。

  康塔塔包含许多个乐段，往往以序曲或者合唱开头，以合唱结尾，中间交错有伴奏的宣叙调，独唱或者重唱的咏叹调以及不同规模的合唱。

  宗教康塔塔一般比叙事性的清唱剧（oratorio）规模小，内容偏重抒情或论述。世俗康塔塔则包罗万象。

  宣叙调(recitative):

  原指歌剧、清唱剧、康塔塔等大型声乐中类似朗诵的曲调，速度自由，旋律与节奏是依照言语自然的强弱，形成简单的朗诵或说话似的曲调，换言之是以歌唱方式说话。

  It’s not much music, more sort of spoken dialogue accompanied a little bit by a basso continuo.

  咏叹调(Da Capo)：

  “Da Capo” means the head guy or in this case the beginning of the music, the head of the music.

  It means you take it from the beginning of the music. So you do one section, an A section, and then you have a contrasting section and then you get this sign that says DC, “Da Capo,” and then you go back and do the A section all over again.

  “Da Capo”的意思是“领头人”，在这里是指音乐的起始，意味着返到音乐的开头重新开始。比如你负责声部A，进入对照部B，然后看到符号DC即Da Capo，表示你要返回到开头，从A部重新开始。返始咏叹调运用了“三段式”曲式。

• Bach’s “Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme”: Discussion and Analysis

  欣赏：赞美诗 Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, Arise, a Voice is Calling《醒来吧，一个声音在呼唤》

  赞美诗的内容：

  Awake, a voice is calling, from the watchman from high in the tower.

  Awake Jerusalem; midnight is the hour.

  They call us with a clarion voice.

  Where are the wise virgins?

  Get up.

  The bridegroom cometh.

  Stand up and take your lamps.

  Alleluia. Provide yourself for the wedding. Go — you must go out — go forth to meet him.

  教授请一位学生读了一段福音书的内容。

  聆听练习了第一乐章和第四乐章，第四乐章中有三个声部。

  一个伟大的艺术家应该具备怎样的能力呢？

  to be able to hear one thing and size up its implications, to know what it could become. I guess that’s what [being] a great creative artist is all about, to know what something can become.

  巴赫的家中住着亲戚和朋友，还有他自己的大家庭，他们是以什么谋生的？

  Well, they copied music for him. His wife, Anna Magdalena Bach, was his principal copyist.【亲戚和朋友们通过为他抄曲谱来谋生……他媳妇是他的首席抄谱师，搞得我也好想抄谱为生……】

• Bach’s Legacy in Musical History

  Bach 逝于1750年，也代表了巴洛克时期的结束。

  Historians are profoundly grateful to him for that because it gives us a nice, clean cut-off by which to end the Baroque era — end of Bach, end of Baroque. 【教授挺幽默】

[2020-03-07]

Lecture 17 Mozart and His Operas

这堂课，教授腰间配了一柄剑上场，起初还觉得挺奇怪，后面才知道是安排了一场非常精彩的歌剧，老师真的很用心，很好玩的一节课，大半夜被逗笑了，哈哈。

• From Baroque to Classical Music – An Introduction

  教授讲述了自己在 Nashville度过了一个愉快的周末，提到自己去的地方。果然，一个人的兴趣爱好决定了TA在一个新的环境里，会对哪些感兴趣。

  Friday night, went to this spectacular concert of Mozart.

  The next afternoon, Saturday afternoon, I walked across the street. I could have gone two blocks to watch a hockey game — they have a hockey team in Nashville — or three blocks in the other direction to watch the Titans play in the football stadium, but I went just one block to the Country Music Hall of Fame.

  教授讲述的经历基本都是跟Mozart有关，比如机场播放的音乐和广告。

  古典时期的音乐 与 巴洛克时期音乐的不同。

  Baroque music：

  it will carry through from beginning to end of a particular movement or a particular piece. It doesn’t change, generally speaking. 【基本不变化， the same general tenor, the same general mood, the same general feeling】

  classical music：

  We get change within a particular movement. Change might be from regular to irregular rhythm, for example, or from very loud to very quiet.

• Glimpses of Mozart’s Life in Letters

  Mozart留下的大量的手稿，信件，大部分是与他父亲的通信。

  欣赏：Mozart Symphony No. 25 in G Minor。

  we begin minor key, lots of syncopation, agitation, and within about forty seconds Mozart has morphed into a completely different mood, a major key, oboe solo. The music is very lyrical. The meter now is — or the rhythms are all lined up to come on the beat rather than off the beat. Watch how we have this transformation of mood within a rather short period of time. 【很短的时间里，情绪由不安到舒缓】

  这里，教授推荐了电影《莫扎特传》Amadeus 【码下，ToDoList 真越来越长……】

  随后教授讲述了Mozart的一些天才事迹，比如凭记忆写下西斯廷教堂的曲谱。

  比较喜欢教授朗读的那段Mozart在1787年写给他父亲的信，当时他的一位朋友过世了，信中讲述了他对于死亡的理解：

  Death is the true goal of our lives and I have made myself so well acquainted with it during the past two years that I see it as the true and best friend of mankind. Indeed, the idea of it no longer holds any terror for me but rather much that is tranquil and comforting, and I thank God that he has granted me the good fortune to obtain the opportunity of regarding death as the key to our true happiness. I never retire at night without considering that, as young as I am, perhaps I may be no more on the morrow, yet not one of those who knows me could say that I am morose or melancholy, and for this I thank my creator daily and wish heartily the same happiness may be given to my fellow man. I clearly explained my way of looking at the matter on the occasion of the death of my very dear best friend, Count von Hatzfeld. He was just thirty-one like myself. I do not grieve for him but from the bottom of my heart for myself and for all who knew him as well as I.

• Musical Balance and Genius in Mozart’s Compositional Sketches

  What’s special about Mozart’s music? 【Mozart 音乐的独特魅力】

  four things.

  • this infallible sense of balance and proportion. 【balance, shaping, perfect proportion. 不多不少刚刚好】
  • The capacity to make something very beautiful out of the simplest of materials.【教授以 Elvira Madigan 为例】
  • wild swings of mood with Mozart
  • Inexhaustible melodic supply, fecundity of imagination when it comes to melody.【永不枯竭的才思】

  Mozart在《唐璜》首演后，跟 Joseph II 皇帝的对话蛮有意思的，自信得一逼：

  Joseph II: Too much meat for the teeth of my Viennese, dear Mozart.

  Mozart: Well, let them chew on it a while. They’ll get used to it.

  教授又一次提到的艺术的价值：

  Isn’t this what art is supposed to all be about? Why do we have art? What does it do for us?

  It gives us a sense of something better, a vision of something better than the stupid, mundane and the vernacular crap that we have to deal with on a quotidian basis out here.

  There could be something better; there’s something bigger and better out there than we are.

  That, in essence, is what art is all about and sometimes you can see it and — I think you can see it, or you just seem to be getting nearer to it.

  ……………

  this idea of tapping into who you are, the whole who you are as a person, through getting you back in touch with your inner memories, and also perhaps giving you hope that there is something out there better than what we deal with on a daily basis.

  也顺带提到了开普勒 Kepler 的一段话：

  Man, the ape of his creator, has discovered the art of music so that he might play the everlastingness of all created time in some short part of an hour by means of an artistic concord of many voices and instruments, that he might to some extent taste the satisfaction of God the workman through music.

• Mozart’s Don Giovanni and Conclusion

  莫扎特写了三部伟大的歌剧：《费加罗的婚礼》，《唐璜》， 《魔笛》，其中《费加罗的婚礼》，《唐璜》 的脚本都是由 Lorenzo da Ponte 完成。

  Lorenzo da Ponte：

  洛伦佐·达·彭特（1749年03月10日－1838年08月17日），原名伊曼纽·科内利亚诺（Emanuele Conegliano），意大利裔美国人，18世纪及19世纪著名歌剧填词家、诗人。他因和作曲家莫札特合作完成了三部著名意大利语歌剧而著名，包括《费加洛婚礼》、《唐·乔望尼》、《女人皆如此》。

  【教授说这个人的一生比小说还精彩……】

  随后教授邀请了Richard Lalli 教授，和一些学生一起，演了《唐璜》的部分，一头白发的教授和一个牵着狗的同校教授一起舞剑，也是很用心了。

[2020-03-08]

Lecture 18 Piano Music of Mozart and Beethoven

钢琴音乐发展的历史。

• The History of the Piano – The Harpsichord

  从巴洛克时期的大键琴到现代的三角钢琴。

  Mozart 是第一个从大键琴替换到钢琴的作曲家。

  为什么Mozart 会抛弃Harpsichord 拥抱 piano？

  harpsichord is not dynamics, you can’t reach for a climax.

• Mozart’s Exploration of the Pianoforte

  最初的钢琴长得和大键琴很像。

  教授展示了几张Mozart 和 Haydn 的钢琴以及他们工作时的样子。

  1781年，Mozart 成为 freelance musician 自由音乐人，以 teacher和 performer身份来谋生。

  Mozart 完成了23个钢琴协奏曲，这些 piano concerto 是他作为performer为自己写的。「which he wrote principally for himself as a kind of showpiece for public concerts.」

  Mozart 的钢琴协奏曲要比他的奏鸣曲 sonata 难得多。

  这里放了一段用 Mozart 的钢琴弹奏的钢琴协奏曲。【嗯，应该是K.545。】

• Beethoven’s Music for His Broadwood Piano

  1791年 Mozart 离世，钢琴曲的棒子传到了Beethoven这里。【感觉Beethoven相比Mozart，苦逼了很多，一个杜甫，一个李白的感觉……】

  中间教授提到了Beethoven 被两个钢琴制造商赠送了钢琴的故事，并显示了相应的钢琴图片。

  相比Mozart，Beethoven 完成了5部钢琴协奏曲 和 32 部钢琴奏鸣曲。

  Beethoven wrote five piano concertos, thirty-two piano sonatas.

• Increasing Range and Power – The Graf Piano, Liszt, and Wagner

  After Beethoven, pianos only continued to get larger and more powerful.

  介绍了Graf piano.

  这段有点懵逼，提到了如何选购钢琴，延音踏板和弱音踏板等。

  顺带插播了下Chopin，教授最喜欢的音乐家之一。

  介绍了Franz Liszt 弹的那架钢琴 以及Franz Liszt 的女婿Richard Wagner。

  Franz Liszt:

  弗兰茨·李斯特（德语：Franz Liszt), 匈牙利作曲家、钢琴演奏家，浪漫主义音乐的主要代表人物之一。其所创作的钢琴曲以难度极高而闻名。

  最后是Steinway 施坦威钢琴的历史。

• Guest Piano Performance by Daniel Schlossberg, Jr.

  邀请了一位大三的小哥哥 Daniel Schlossberg Jr 弹奏了两个钢琴曲。

  分别是Beethoven 的奏鸣曲 和 Scarlatti 的奏鸣曲。【希望以后能听出来具体是哪个作品】

  Scarlatti：

  朱塞佩·多梅尼科·斯卡拉蒂（意大利语：Giuseppe Domenico Scarlatti，1685年10月25日－1757年7月23日），意大利那不勒斯王国作曲家、羽管键琴演奏家。他被认为是一位巴洛克作曲家，但其音乐风格已受到了古典主义音乐发展的影响。他的555首奏鸣曲的绝大部分为羽管键琴而作，另外还有少量的弦乐合奏和管风琴作品。

  开场部分，教授问了下Daniel 小哥哥，演奏的时候是不是很紧张？

  Professor： Do you ever get nervous when you play, Dan?

  Daniel： Yes. All the time.【哈哈，看来紧张是通的……】

  a wonderful piece and a wonderful performance.

[2020-03-11]

Lecture 19 Romantic Opera: Verdi’s La Traviata, Bocelli, Pavarotti and Domingo

Way back to Opera.

主要是歌剧《茶花女》，基于小仲马的作品《茶花女》后面介绍了声乐方面的知识，真真是一头雾水。

• Introduction to Opera

  回顾之前说过的歌剧。

  介绍Giuseppe Verdi 及他的作品歌剧《茶花女》。

  Giuseppe Verdi：

  朱塞佩·福图尼诺·弗朗切斯科·威尔第, 意大利作曲家，出生于帕尔马附近的勒朗科勒（Le Roncole），逝世于米兰。

  威尔第和理查德·瓦格纳一起被认为是19世纪最有影响力的歌剧创作者。

  La traviata:

  《茶花女》（La traviata）是由朱塞佩·威尔第作曲的三幕歌剧。

  改编自小仲马于1848年出版的小说《茶花女》（The Lady of the Camellias，La dame aux Camélias）。歌剧于1853年3月6日在威尼斯凤凰歌剧院首演。作品名称“La traviata”解作“迷途妇人”，或“失落的人”。

-Verdi’s La Traviata: The First Aria

歌剧《茶花女》第一咏叹调

介绍了第一幕并播放了咏叹调。

• The Scena in Opera

  继续介绍《茶花女》。【很悲伤的故事……】

  一段Violetta 的咏叹调：

  Ah, perhaps he is the one that I have been waiting for. Maybe this is finally the great true love of my life.

  【古今中外都一样啊，多少女子怀着“愿得一心人”的期许，最终空余恨。】

• Critical Assessment of Vocal Performance

  后面的部分，说的都是声乐，完全懵逼。

  教授介绍了如何像聆听音乐一样聆听歌剧中的歌手的声音，比如男高音，女低音。

• Major Opera Singers of the 20th and 21st Centuries

  介绍20世纪，21世纪的重量级两位男高音 Luciano Pavarotti and Placido Domingo。

  一位女高音Nellie Melba

  Luciano Pavarotti:

  鲁契亚诺·帕瓦罗蒂（義大利語：Luciano Pavarotti，1935年10月12日－2007年9月6日），義大利男高音歌唱家，也是20世紀后半叶的世界三大男高音之一，別號「高音C之王」。

  Luciano Pavarotti 的代表作：Nessun Dorma 今夜无人入眠

  Placido Domingo:

  何塞·普拉西多·多明戈·恩比尔（西班牙语：José Plácido Domingo Embil，1941年1月21日－），西班牙歌唱家，20世纪后半叶的世界三大男高音之一，以响亮、清晰和强而有力的嗓音闻名于世。除了演唱以外，多明戈近年开始接触指挥和歌剧院管理工作，现时是美国华盛顿国家歌剧院总监。2019年8月《美联社》报导指出他遭9位女性指控性骚扰，试图透过安排工作逼迫她们跟他发生性关系，若遭拒绝，多明戈会以职务之便报复，虽然多明戈发表声明指这些内容“并不准确”，但洛杉矶歌剧院和其他2家主要剧院均取消他接下来的演出，同时多明戈辞去洛杉矶歌剧院总监职务。

  Nellie Melba：

  内莉·梅尔巴女爵士，GBE（Dame Nellie Melba，1861年5月19日－1931年2月23日），澳大利亚女高音。她是澳大利亚第一位获得国际声誉的女高音，也是当时世界上最著名的歌剧演员之一。

  教授建议不要买Pavarotti 1980后的作品，呃，因为他从那时开始走下坡了「Don’t buy anything of Pavarotti after 1980」，最好的作品时期是78，79，80.

[2020-03-12]

Lecture 20 The Colossal Symphony: Beethoven, Berlioz, Mahler and Shostakovich

这节课讲交响乐Symphony。

• Introduction to Symphonies

  开篇，教授先来了一顿调侃。

  I can tell you at the beginning of this semester which of these lectures will have the lowest attendance rate. And it’s this one.

  【原来Yale也会有出勤率低的课程，这么好的课，这么好的教授，怎么会舍得缺席？】

  在之前的课堂中已经接触过的交响乐有哪些？

  • Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony
  • Beethoven’s Sixth 【田园交响曲】
  • Beethoven’s Ninth 【ode to Joy】
  • Joseph Haydn’s Surprise Symphony【海顿的“惊愕” Symphony No.94】
  • Mozart’s G Minor Symphony【Symphony No. 25 in G Minor】

  聆听 Mozart 的Eine kleine Nachtmusik 【小夜曲】

  赏析：

  It’s very patterned. It’s very symmetrical. It’s balanced. We have antecedent and consequent phrases and they come in the music wth the classical period.

  It’s homophonic. Basically, you got a melody plus accompaniment.【织体主调，伴奏围绕着主旋律】

  this music has a kind of rhetorical strategy to it.【不知要多久我才能听出这里面的道道】

  It sounds like a melody, it sounds like a theme, or music that sounds like it’s coming between themes, of leading us somewhere, transitional music, music that may be a contrasting theme, music that ends a section. So it’s music that does something, music that’s trying to get us from point A to point B and point C and so on.

  聆听浪漫主义时期的音乐，来自Tchaikovsky‘s overture to《Romeo and Juliet》【柴可夫斯基《罗密欧与朱丽叶幻想序曲》】

  Tchaikovsky：

  彼得·伊里奇·柴可夫斯基（1840年5月7日－1893年11月6日），俄罗斯浪漫乐派作曲家，其作品有民族乐派特征，但仍以浪漫风格为基准。其风格直接和间接地影响了很多后来者。

  在音乐创作上，柴可夫斯基很崇拜莫扎特，尤其他对旋律性的重视。对于瓦格纳音乐中的一些特性他却很反感，认为瓦格纳过于重视管弦乐队而忽略了声乐，柴可夫斯基主张用现实主义手法来表现歌剧，主导动机只用以描写心理感情等内在方面。

  Romeo and Juliet:

  《罗密欧与朱丽叶幻想序曲》是俄罗斯作曲家柴可夫斯基的一部管弦乐作品，以莎士比亚同名戏剧为题材，创作于1869年末到1880年。这部作品是柴科夫斯基早期的代表作品之一（当时作者只有29岁），也是他流传最广泛的作品之一。

  赏析浪漫主义时期的音乐特征：

  qualities:

  it has a long, sweeping melody here in romantic music, a long, sweeping melody that is rather asymmetrical in shape. Instead of having neat units of two plus two plus two, it could go on over bars or maybe it’ll be a seven-bar phrase, something like that. So the melodies tend to be long; they tend to be asymmetrical.

  Rhythm:

  When we get into the classical period, rhythm is somewhat more relaxed but it is still a pattern, but here, with this music in the romantic period, the themes are not only long and asymmetrical; the rhythms don’t seem to shake out in patterns that allow us to tap our feet or allow us to conduct it easily.

  Tempo:

  In romantic music, we get wild swings of tempo in that it can be coming along at a regular pace and then slow way, way down and then speed up to get back on track and slow down and so on. And this is part and parcel of the romantic aesthetic in the sense that it tends to swing wildly from one extreme to another, wildly in terms of rhythm and wildly in terms of dynamics.

  Gustav Mahler：

  古斯塔夫·马勒（1860年7月7日－1911年5月18日），奥地利作曲家、指挥家。作为作曲家，他是19世纪德奥传统和20世纪早期的现代主义音乐之间承前启后的桥梁。马勒之后，十二音和无调性音乐等先锋理念崛起，传统调性音乐的辉煌时代走向终结。

• Historical Changes in Strings and Woodwind Instruments

  古典音乐的四个乐器组：

  • strings ：violin, viola, cello and double bass 【弦乐器：小提琴，中提琴，大提琴，低音提琴】

    Jacob 用一把十九世纪的中提琴拉了一小段音乐。

  • woodwinds：piccolo， bassoon ， English Horn， flute【木管乐器：短笛，巴松管，英国号，长笛】

    英国号 是双簧管的一种，聆听 Dvorak’s New World Symphony 第二乐章，很舒缓， 感受英国号。

    New World Symphony：

    E小调第9号交响曲《来自新大陆》，作品95，为捷克作曲家德沃夏克（Antonín Dvořák）于1893年在美国时所谱写，因此一般被称为《自新大陆交响曲》（New World Symphony）。

    第二乐章最缓版（Largo）

    缓板，降D大调，这个乐章以“念故乡”的黑人灵歌风格旋律为主题的乐章，一开始管乐器持续和弦著，之后由英国管所奏出“念故乡”哀愁的抒情旋律，接着木管乐器在弦乐伴奏下奏出强而有力的旋律，最后英国管再次主奏出哀愁的气氛。

    美国名曲〈念故乡〉（GOIN’ HOME）是本交响曲第二乐章的歌唱版。

  • brass： trumpet， trombone，French horn，tuba【铜管乐器：小号，长号，法国号/圆号，大号】

    聆听 Beethoven‘s Fifth Symphony 最后乐章的开头部分，感受French horn。

    聆听 Hector Berlioz‘s Symphonie Fantastique 【柏辽兹《幻想交响曲》】, 感受大号tuba

    Hector Berlioz:

    埃克托·路易·柏辽兹（1803年12月11日－1869年3月8日），法国作曲家，以1830年写的《幻想交响曲》闻名。

    Symphonie Fantastique:

    埃克托·柏辽兹于1830年间所作的交响曲作品。

    习惯上被认知的名称事实上是作品的副标题，柏辽兹为作品所起的正式名称为：“一位艺术家一生的插曲”。

    作曲家创作灵感来源于他倾注以狂热爱情的爱尔兰籍的莎士比亚戏剧女演员哈莉叶特·康斯坦斯·史密逊。作为标题音乐完美而明晰的范例，该作品在早期浪漫主义音乐当中被推崇为最重要及最具代表性的交响曲之一，时至今日仍广受全球各地的音乐演奏会听众欢迎。

    本交响曲是一首标题音乐，描绘一个具奔放想像力的艺术家，由于对渺茫的爱情深刻感到绝望，吞食鸦片自杀的故事。虽然在当时交响曲普遍以四个乐章组成，本曲却含有以下五个具有独立标题的乐章。凭借详细的情节，本曲经常被称为标题音乐最优秀，可能也是最早的范例之一。

    • 梦与热情（Rêveries - Passions）
    • 一场舞会（Un bal）
    • 园林美景（Scène aux champs）
    • 断头台进行曲（La marche au supplice）
    • 女巫安息日的夜梦（Songe d’une nuit de sabbat）

    再次聆听 Dvorak “New World Symphony” second movement 第二乐章，感受铜管乐器tuba

    聆听 Brahms’s First Symphony，感受铜管乐器 French horn

    Brahms’s First Symphony：

    《C小调第1号交响曲》，作品68，是约翰内斯·勃拉姆斯创作的四乐章交响曲。由于该作品的风格与贝多芬交响曲类似，因而被彪罗称为“贝多芬第十”。

    该作品的创作至少花了14年，而勃拉姆斯自称从草稿到最终完结长达21年。

    该作品共四个乐章：

    • 稍微持绩的—快板—稍慢的快版（c小调）

    • 持续的行板（E大调）

    • 略快且优雅的稍快板（降A大调）

    • 慢板—很慢的行板—不太快的快板，有精神的—很快的快版（c小调转C大调）

      全长约45至50分钟。

  • keyboard：organ，harpsichord，piano 【键盘乐器：管风琴，大键琴，钢琴】

• The Development of the Brass Family

  承接上面的四个乐器组，介绍铜管乐器。

• The Growing Orchestra: Capacities and Limits in the 19th Century

  聆听 Wagner’s overture to The Flying Dutchman 【歌剧《漂泊的荷兰人》序曲】

  The Flying Dutchman:

  漂泊的荷兰人，又译作徬徨的荷兰人或飞行的荷兰人，是一部歌剧作品，1843年于德国德累斯頓的森柏歌剧院首演，由 Wagner 本人担任指挥。剧情描述一个因触怒天神而受到诅咒，在海上漂流多年的幽灵船长寻得真爱而获得救赎的经历。

  Wagner 拥有的乐团人数远大于Mozart，所以即便他没有great musical idea，他有terrific orchestra 可以来弥补。

  The sound in music probably never gets any more opulent than it does here at the end of the nineteenth century.

• Accommodating Orchestras: The Advent of Concert Halls

  介绍现代的音乐厅Concert Halls。

  Musikverein音乐厅：

  维也纳音乐协会大楼（德语：Haus des Wiener Musikvereins，简称：Musikverein）是位于奥地利维也纳内城的一座音乐演出建筑。

  该楼内有多个大小不一的表演空间，其中面积最大的金色大厅（Großer Musikvereinssaal，即大音协厅，或称：Goldener Saal，金厅）因装修精美，且音响效果出色，是世界上最著名的音乐厅之一。

  Symphony Hall in Boston:

  波士顿交响大厅，位于美国马萨诸塞州波士顿市内。 它目前是波士顿交响乐团与波士顿流行乐团的驻地，与新英格兰音乐学院仅一个街区之隔。

  Woolsey Hall:

  耶鲁大学自己的音乐厅

  Carnegie Hall：

  卡内基音乐厅（也译作：卡耐基音乐厅）,该音乐厅是由美国钢铁大王兼慈善家安德鲁·卡内基于1891年在纽约市第57街建立的第一座大型音乐厅。

  教授提到 people absorb sound，这个倒是挺神奇的呢。原来人能消化声音，人体好似消音器。

• Gustav Mahler, the Symphony Composer

  介绍Gustav Mahler及其交响曲。

  2 M: Mozart Mahler

  For me these two M’s are very important, Mozart and Mahler. They write some really astonishing music, in different kinds of ways.

  Introduction to Gustav Mahler:

  he was a Jew born in Moravia, which is a section of Czechoslovakia, got his musical education in Vienna, was a pianist and principally a conductor. He earned his living conducting. And he went all around the world conducting, And he composed mostly in the summertime. He would go out to the Alps in one of these mountain retreats in — where he could have solitude and he would compose. And in the course of time, he wrote principally nine symphonies.

  聆听 Gustav Mahler first symphony, 1888 第一交响曲

  《D大调第一交响曲》，是古斯塔夫·马勒的第一部交响曲作品。该作品创作于1884年到1888年之间，最初的版本被命名为“巨人”交响诗。该作品在1889年在布达佩斯首演，反响不佳，但现在已名列马勒最受欢迎的作品。首演时所发表的曲目，并不是交响曲，而是两篇交响诗。原来的详细曲目一直被沿用到1892年后，才标以简单的标题“巨人”.

  该作品分为四个乐章，全长约55分钟。

  • Langsam, schleppend（缓慢拖延地）——D大调。
  • Kräftig bewegt, doch nicht zu schnell（稳定前进地，但不太快）——A大调，一首连德勒舞曲。
  • Feierlich und gemessen, ohne zu schleppen（庄严准确、不拖延地）——d小调，一首葬礼进行曲。其旋律基于民歌《雅克弟兄》。
  • Stürmisch bewegt（暴风雨般冲动地）——f小调转D大调。

• Conclusion

  电子声音时代的到来。

  「最近好像喜欢上阿柴了，看来离喜欢马勒不远了……」

[2020-03-13]

Lecture 21 Musical Impressionism and Exoticism: Debussy, Ravel and Monet

印象派，Debussy & Ravel, lovely。

• Introduction to Musical Impressionism

  1880 ～ 1920: 印象派时期的音乐

  教授介绍了印象派画家Manet, Renoir, Alfred Sisley, Camille Pissarro 等 和 诗人Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud, and Stephane Mallarmé。【再次为自己没文化而惭愧……】

  音乐领域中，印象派的作曲家，Claude Debussy，Maurice Ravel， Gabriel Fauré， Ottorino Respighi， Charles Griffes。

  Claude Debussy：

  阿希尔-克洛德·德彪西（法语：Achille-Claude Debussy, 1862年8月22日－1918年3月25日），法国作曲家。

  德彪西是19世纪末20世纪初最有影响力的作曲家之一，代表作品有管弦乐《大海》和《牧神午后前奏曲》，钢琴组曲《贝加马斯克组曲》、《意象集》、《版画集》等；而创作最高峰则是歌剧《佩利亚斯与梅丽桑德》。

  知名的作品：

  • 《Clair de Lune》【moonlight】
  • 《Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun》【牧神的午后】

  其他作品如《Nocturnes》【夜曲】，《La Mer》【大海】，《Images》【意象】

  教授现场弹奏了《Clair de Lune》的片段。

• Debussy’s Musical Responses to Mallarme’s Poetry

  介绍了《Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun》【牧神的午后】创作背景，选材于Debussy的美学导师Stephane Mallarmé的一首诗。

  Google了这首诗，呃，比较长，截取部分：

  林泽的仙女们，我愿她们永生。
  她们的肌肤，
  是那样的光艳，粉红，在天光中熠烁，
  带着迷离睡意，

  莫非我爱的是个梦？
  我的疑问有如一堆古夜的黑影
  终结于无数细枝，而仍是真的树林，
  证明孤独的我献给了我自身——
  唉！一束祝捷玫瑰的理想的假象。
  让咱们想想……

聆听 Debussy’s Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun

赏析：

the harp playing away there, arpeggios periodically, just little dabs of color underneath by way of a supporting accompaniment. So let’s listen to a little bit more here. 【竖琴低音，琶音】

Focus on the flute line. That’s got the melody but it’s a kind of different melody than the melodies that we have been listening to.【长笛，旋律】

Passed it to the oboe, okay, pausing it there. So that melody, is kind of like a roulade, kind of ill-formed in a way. It’s very beautiful, but it’s difficult to sing. It’s chromatic, it doesn’t have any regular structure to it, and this is typical of the Impressionists’ approach to melody.【印象派大概就是你哼不出来的调调吧？】

聆听 Debussy’s Voiles

Voiles：

Voiles is a composition by Claude Debussy for solo piano from 1909. It is the second piece in a set of twelve préludes published in 1910. The title of the piece may be translated to English as either veils or sails; both meanings can be connected to the musical structure. Except for some mild, localized chromaticism and a short pentatonic passage, the entire piece uses the whole tone scale.

赏析：

低音部分用了固定音型的曲式Ostinato。

Ostinato were there in Baroque music. They kind of went out of fashion in the Classical period and in the romantic period. Romantic is too expansive for ostinatos, but they come back in here in the Impressionist period and they’re really important in the Modernist period.

这里音阶部分，只用了five notes，而不是常规的7个notes.

We did have whole tone but now we get a pentatonic scale, just using five notes.

还用了glissando 滑奏。

只弹白键或者黑键就是glissando。They use a lot in television and stuff.

• La Cathedrale Engloutie – Interactions between Impressionist Painters and Musicians

  聆听 Debussy的前奏曲prelude La Cathédrale Engloutie【沉没的教堂】

• Ravel’s Ondine: A Violin Performance by Naomi Woo

  Ravel’s Ondine：

  来自拉威尔的作品集Gaspard de la nuit 夜之幽灵 ， Ondine为第一乐章。

  三个乐章：

  • Ondine「水妖」
  • Le Gibet「绞刑架」
  • Scarbo「幻影」

  邀请一名大一的新生小姐姐Naomi Woo弹奏Ravel’s Ondine， 小姐姐真的超厉害。

  赏析：

  You should look at the score, and the other interesting thing is that the hand — the chord positionings change each time they go up an octave and that’s really hard. Rather than repetition of an arpeggio, up an octave, repeat it, same hand position, up an octave, the particular hand positions are changing as you go up octave to octave. Anything else — I — at the very beginning of this, I did notice — if you could play the left-hand part just so we can hear this melody at the beginning — Okay. So there we have the outlines of a pentatonic scale at work here, and you’re going to hear that at the beginning and then you’ll hear at the end. So the general form here, as if often true with these Impressionist composers, is just ternary form, A, B, A with the second and final A slightly modified.

  惊艳，要粉Ravel的节奏。

[2020-03-14]

Lecture 22 Modernism and Mahler

Ich bin der Welt abhanden gekommen。「 我告别喧嚣的尘世。」

• Introduction to Modernism: Elements in Stravinsky’s Ballet Scores

  介绍现代时期的两位器乐和声乐大师 Igor Stravinsky，Arnold Schoenberg.

  Igor Stravinsky:

  伊戈尔·费奥多罗维奇·斯特拉文斯基（1882年6月17日－1971年4月6日），又译斯特拉温斯基，俄国-法国-美国作曲家、钢琴家及指挥，20世纪现代音乐的传奇人物，革新过三个不同的音乐流派：原始主义、新古典主义以及序列主义。被人们誉为是音乐界中的毕加索。

  斯特拉文斯基作曲风格有许多的变化。他最早因为谢尔盖·达基列夫委托的三部芭蕾舞剧而出名，而首演是由佳吉列夫的俄派芭蕾舞团在巴黎首演：1910年的《火鸟》、1911年的《彼得鲁什卡》及1913年的《春之祭》。

  其中的《春之祭》让往后的作曲者思考旋律的结构，也��为是让斯特拉文斯基有长久声誉的关键，革命性地拓展了音乐设计的边界。

  Arnold Schoenberg:

  阿诺尔德·勋伯格（德语：Arnold Schönberg，定居美国后改姓氏写法为Schoenberg，1874年9月13日－1951年7月13日），奥地利作曲家、音乐教育家、音乐理论家，作家，画家，曾向亚历山大·策姆林斯基学习作曲，其后并迎娶策氏之妹为妻。

  勋伯格的方法，无论是在和声还是发展方面，都是20世纪最有影响力的音乐理念之一。

  相比Firebird， Petrushka 更能体现现代派音乐。

  It’s modern because of the new approach to rhythm. In the Romantic music that we have been listening to, we would hear these long, somewhat amorphous melodies, amorphous in terms of the rhythm. But now here with the advent of Modernism in the twentieth century we get a much more driving type of rhythm. It almost in some ways goes back to the driving rhythms of the Baroque except with one major difference, and that is that these modern rhythms are highly irregular. What we get oftentimes are irregular meters.

  聆听 Igor Stravinsky 的芭蕾舞剧《彼得鲁什卡》 1911, Petrushka

  《春之祭》The Rite of Spring 1913年5月在巴黎首演，即引起轰动。观众以为听到的是类似Tchaikovsky‘s Swan Lake, 舒缓而优雅，结果听到的春之祭充斥着刺耳的不规则音乐。【我这翻译……】

  文化历史学者认为《春之祭》的首演，开启了现代音乐时期。

  cultural historians to put their finger on the moment that constitutes the beginning of Modernism it would probably be this moment of the performance of The Rite of Spring.

• Creating the Dissonance and Irregularities in The Rite of Spring

  《春之祭》是如何做到引起人们的不悦的？

  五个方面：

  • heavy dissonance 【重不和谐音】
  • much greater reliance on percussion【大量依赖打击乐器】
  • the use of stringed instruments as percussion instruments【弦乐器当打击乐器用】
  • an increased use of woodwinds.【增加对木管乐器的使用】
  • this idea of rhythm, driving rhythms【不规则的节奏】

  随后，教授讲述了他如何从不喜欢《春之祭》到喜欢它的经历。

• Mahler’s “Ich bin der Welt abhanden gekommen”: An Exploration

  到了教授非常喜欢的Mahler了。

  有些音乐并不能教会你什么，但是就是让人愉悦，这就够了。

  It’s just gorgeous, but we don’t really learn anything from it.

  Gustav Mahler 除了写了9部交响曲，还写过两部歌集，管弦歌曲 orchestral Lieder 【教授推荐听Mahler从他的交响曲开始，嗯，Yes，Sir！】

  I hope you will come to like Mahler.

  【听了Gustav Mahler第五交响曲第四乐章，温柔到无法言表。】

  聆听 Gustav Mahler orchestral Lieder “Ich bin der Welt abhanden gekommen”

  《Ich bin der Welt abhanden gekommen》是德国诗人Friedrich Ruckert的作品， Mahler将诗人的诗谱成了五首歌。

  全诗内容：

  Ich bin der Welt abhanden gekommen， I am lost to the world，

  Mit der ich sonst viele Zeit verdorben， with which I used to waste so much time，

  Sie hat so lange nichts von mir vernommen， It has heard nothing from me for so long

  Sie mag wohl glauben, ich sei gestorben! that it may very well believe that I am dead!

  Es ist mir auch gar nichts daran gelegen， It is of no consequence to me

  Ob sie mich für gestorben hält， Whether it thinks me dead，

  Ich kann auch gar nichts sagen dagegen， I cannot deny it，

  Denn wirklich bin ich gestorben der Welt。 for I really am dead to the world。

  Ich bin gestorben dem Weltgetümmel， I am dead to the world’s tumult,

  Und ruh’ in einem stillen Gebiet! And I rest in a quiet realm!

  Ich leb’ allein in meinem Himmel， I live alone in my heaven,

  In meinem Lieben, in meinem Lied! In my love and in my song!

  This is a metaphor for all of his music so this is an individual that has become detached from the world and simply wants to live in the world of music.

  【Mahler也想要远离尘世，活着音乐的世界里？】

  最后教授关了灯，播放了整个曲子，让学生们静下来，安静地听完整首。

• The Values of Saving Classical Music and Conclusion

  教授讲述了整个系列课程的意义，这段话很是喜欢。

  Now it’s time for you to do your part. What’s your part?

  You have to do the following kinds of things.

  • You have to continue to buy CDs and download classical music off of iTunes or whatever it is. Don’t steal that stuff. Why? If you take that stuff for nothing, what are you doing? You’re taking the livelihood away from Jacob and Santana and Lynda here, just the livelihood of musicians. They’ve put their labor into it and you’re taking it for nothing. So download these things. It doesn’t cost all that much.
  • get involved. Get involved in informal singing groups, keep your piano lessons, if you’ve ever had those kinds of things going on, local choral groups, whatever.
  • give music lessons to your children. Teaches them hard work, teaches them to think sequentially, teaches them various forms of quantitative reasoning, teaches them also to be disciplined and teaches them to have a pride in the work product that they ultimately generate.

  Thanks!!!

[2020-03-15]

Lecture 23 Review of Musical Style

最后一课了，检验学习成果的时刻到了。

我铁定是挂科的，我要重修很多次，哈哈。

• Introduction

  对前面所学的音乐风格进行测试，听一段音乐，然后辨别它是属于哪个时期的音乐。

  期末考试的时候，是放一段音乐，然后识别出它是什么，作曲家是谁。「you’re responsible for identifying the name of the composer and the name of the piece.」

• Identifying Different Musical Styles

  识别不同时期的音乐风格。

  What’s the most important thing when trying to identify style? 【识别音乐风格中，最主要的因素是什么？】

  Instruments.【乐器】

  if you hear lots of percussion and xylophones and things such as that banging away in a dissonant fashion, those instruments just weren’t there in time of Mozart, for example, so you know it’s got to be probably late nineteenth-century and on. 【如果有大量的打击乐器，可能是19世纪以后的音乐】

  some instruments are common to many different periods.if you hear a piano, it can’t be Renaissance or medieval; it can’t be Baroque. It could be Classical, Romantic, Impressionist, or Modern, and then on the basis of other things you would come to a conclusion about the style period.【钢琴自Mozart始，所以如果曲子中有钢琴，则可以排除中世纪和巴洛克时期】

  另一些要点：

  • volume，反映出乐队orchestra的大小，19世纪末20世纪初的乐队阵容很大，如果音量很大，可能是浪漫主义后期的音乐。「Mahler wrote a “Symphony of a Thousand,” he called it. He had almost a thousand performers in it.」
  • harmony 和声。the more unexpected it becomes probably the later you are, the more into the Romantic period you are.【和声越出人意料，越可能是浪漫主义时期的音乐】
  • the element of consonance versus dissonance 【和谐音与不和谐音】a little bit of dissonance in the Impressionist period and then heavy in the Modernist period, and then it actually backs down in the Post-modern period.【不和谐音越多，越靠后】

  练习一段浪漫主义时期的音乐，Ravel’s Daphnis and Chloe，拉威尔的芭蕾舞剧《达夫尼与克罗埃》，识别要点：

  • large, colorful orchestra

  • consonant

  • Parallel motion， Those woodwinds were all going up and down in the same direction。【木管乐器沿着相同的方向上升和下降】

  • A glissando 【滑奏，这个确实很明显】

  插播下《达夫尼与克罗埃》的介绍：

  以古希腊诗人朗高斯（Longus）的‘达夫尼与克罗埃’全三场组成作品为基础，并由俄罗斯芭蕾舞团于1912年在萨特蕾歌剧院作巴黎首演。而拉威尔本人亦从芭蕾舞音乐摘录了一部分，并分别在1911年及1913年首演第一组曲与第二组曲。

  大纲分三部分，全曲约50至55分钟。

  • 第一部分：面包神与众美少女们之祭坛前
  • 第二部分：海盗布鲁艾希斯之阵营
  • 第三部分（与第一部分相同）：祭坛前方

• Review of Gregorian Chants

  练习一段中世纪和文艺复兴时期的音乐，格里高利圣咏， written by Thomas Tallis， 识别要点：

  • multiple unaccompanied voices 【多重独立的声部】
  • Mostly polyphonic，imitative.【复调，模仿的复调】

• Listening Exercises for Modernist and Classical Music

  练习识别一段现代时期的音乐，Ellen Zwilich‘s Celebration, 识别要点：

  • A lot of percussion， particularly the tympani. 【打击乐器，特别是定音鼓】
  • A lot of dissonance【大量不和谐音】
  • A lot of brass
  • lots of ostinatos【大量固定反复】

  练习识别 Mozart’s Bassoon Concerto 【巴松管协奏曲】，识别要点：

  • Regular meter
  • strings in the foreground
  • solo instrument：Bassoon
  • the solo instrument is playing something kind of simple, kind of impressive
  • You should hear lots of little trills and weeping all over the place 【听到颤音】

• Distinguishing Classical and Romantic Music

  古典主义音乐和浪漫主义音乐的不同：

  • the size of the orchestra

    in Romantic music the orchestra has many more and many varied instruments in it ranging from top piccolo down to middle English horn down to bottom contrabass, bassoon, tuba and things like that.【浪漫主义时期的管弦乐队，元素更多元更丰富】

  • the themes and the melodies etc.

    The regularity of the themes and the balance and symmetry is part and parcel of the Classical period.

    You move into the Romantic. You have expansive themes, but by way of contradistinction there, then the rhythm becomes not necessarily more flaccid, but more loose, and we talked about this phenomenon of rubato, for example. So flexible rhythms, flexible tempos, less clear meters in the Romantic period.【浪漫主义时期，主题明朗，节奏松弛舒缓】

    this warm, rich melody, is very important in Romantic music.

• Final Exercise and Conclusion

  最后一首练习曲，是巴洛克时期 Baroque period 的音乐，使用了乐器大键琴harpsichord，使用了fugue。

  大键琴只在巴洛克时期才流行使用。

  最后教授请学生们帮忙给一位生病的朋友写康复卡，很有爱的教授。

A long long long journey

终于刷完了。

这一路刷过来，懵逼居多，但更是感恩，从最开始刷一个lecture都觉得无法消化，到后面慢慢开始熟悉，告诉自己，心态摆正，正是因为自己懵逼， 所以才要啃它，所以不懂不会是正常的，抱着不求甚解的态度，反而更能enjoy这门课程。

我心里明白，要完全消化这门课的内容，需要好些年的时间，但也不觉得有什么，余生不长也不短，多一件值得去做的事情，也会平添很多乐趣。

教授第一节课说，他要做两件事，一是change your personality， 二是impart to you a love of classical music，我想他做到了。任何一个刷完整套课程的人，一定在某种程度上被改变了，虽然这种改变现在看来可能并不那么明显。

真的很喜欢这个白发的老爷子，像是引路人，耐心地，引导你去一窥新世界的样子。

感谢互联网，让生在这个时代的人，可以以极低的成本就能接触到那么多优质的资源。

也很感谢大饼，分享他的古典歌单，像是一棵种子，让我开始反思自己在听什么，这才有了了解古典乐的念想。

也谢谢自己，坚持听完了整套课程，没错过这么美好的事物，嗯，以后记得要反复回来听很多次，直到消化才可以哦。

最后，想说：Bravo！

躺在书单里很久了，终于完整地读了一回。

从 Rails 5.2.3 升级到 Rails6 遇到的一些问题。

记录下这周发布的时候遇到了一个奇葩问题。